Urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu rwatangijwe na FPR/Inkotanyi kuva tariki ya 01 Ukwakira 1990 rwabaye urwitwazo ku gihugu cy’Ubufaransa rwo gufasha ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana kugeza ubwo bukoze Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Abafaransa b’ibikomerezwa muri politike bafite uruhare ruremereye muri iyo nzira yaganishije kuri jenoside. Muri bo hariGeorges Martres (Ambasaderi w’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda kuva 1989 kugeza 1993) na Jean-Michel Marlaud (Ambasaderi mu Rwanda kuva 1993 kugeza muri Mata 1994). Bimwe mu bikorwa bakoze ni ibi bikurikira:
A. Martres Georges
Hari ingero z’ibyakozwe hagati ya 1990 na 1993 zerekana ko yari azi neza itegurwa rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, akaba yarafashije abigambiriye ubutegetsi bwateguraga kurimbura igice cy’abaturage babwo.
1) Amagambo yivugiye ubwe
Muri 1998, imbere y’itsinda ry’abadepite b’abafaransa bakusanyaga amakuru ku bikorwa by’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda (Mission Française d’Information Parlementaire) rizwi ku izina rya Komisiyo Paul QUILES wari uyikuriye, Georges Martres yemeye ko yari azi neza, mu mpera za 1990, ko Jenoside izakorerwa Abatutsi yegereje. Yabivuze muri aya magambo: ‘Kuva icyo gihe, byaragaragaraga ko jenoside izaba (…). Ndetse Abahutu bamwe babikomozagaho. Koloneli Serubuga, Umugaba w’ingabo wungirije mu gisirikare cy’u Rwanda, yavuze ko yishimiye igitero cya FPR, kuko cyizatuma iyicwa ry’Abatutsi ribona impamvu. Abatutsi bahoranaga ubwoba bwa buri munsi bwo kuzatsembwatsembwa. Guhera mu ntangiriro z’Ukwakira 1990, abantu benshi barafunzwe i Kigali, abenshi kubera ko ari abo mu bwoko nyamuke bw’Abatutsi cyangwa se ko bafite aho bahuriye nabo, haba kubakunda cyangwa kugira ibindi bahuriyeho”.
Mu nama zabaga hagati y’abayobozi b’ingabo z’u Rwanda n’abadipolomate b’abafaransa, havugwaga kenshi ko jenoside y’Abatutsi ishobora gukorwa, bikavugwa n’abayobozi b’u Rwanda, cyane cyane aba gisirikare. Umugaba w’ingabo za jandarumeri, Rwagafilita Pierre-Celestin, yahishuriye jenerali Jean Varret, umuyobozi w’ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare kuva mu Ukwakira 1990 kugeza muri Mata 1993, aya magambo yerekeye Abatutsi: ‘Ni bake cyane, tuzabarimbura”. Georges Martres wari uhagarariye u Bufaransa yari azi neza uwo mugambi w’abasirikare bakuru b’u Rwanda wo gutsembatsemba Abatutsi nyamara akomeza gushyigikira ubutegetsi n’igisirikare byawucuraga.
2) Muri za telegramu za diplomasi yoherezaga i Paris
Muri telegramu yo ku wa 12 Ukwakira 1990, Georges Martres yavuze uko urwango ubutegetsi bufitiye Abatutsi n’ubugizi bwa nabi bubakorerwa biteye, ndetse anavuga ko jenoside ishobora kubakorerwa. Iki ni ikimenyetso cy’uko yari azi umugambi ucurwa. Aragira ati: ‘Hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko aya makimbirane ashobora kubyara intambara hagati y’amoko. (…) Ifatwa ry’abitwa Ibyitso mu mujyi wa Kigali wonyine ryaba rigera ku bantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi (Byibura 10.000). Ibazwa ryabo rirarangwa n’ihutazwa, abantu bafunzwe iminsi myinshi nta kurya nta no kunywa. Kandi koko, abayobozi b’u Rwanda baremeza ko Abatutsi bateye biyanditseho inyandiko igira iti ‘Ramba Mwami”, bivuga ko bashaka kugarura abami b’abatutsi. Ibi ndetse bibangamiye ubwiyunge ubwo ari bwo bwose hagati y’abahutu bo mu majyaruguru n’abo mu majyepfo ndetse n’abatutsi bashyigikiye ukwishyira ukizana bamwe bari bizeye ko Habyarimana we ubwe yabagezaho”.
Dr BIZIMANA Jean Damascène
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
Muri telegaramu yo ku wa 13 Ukwakira 1990, Georges Martres yerekanye ko ihigwa ry’abaturage bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi ritari rikihishira. Nyamara avuganira iterwa ry’inkunga ikomeye Ubufaransa bwaha ubutegetsi bukora ibyo byaha mu rwego rwa gisirikare. Aragira ati : ‘Abahutu bayobowe na MRND bakajije umurego mu gushakisha mu misozi Abatutsi bakekwaho ibyaha, ubwicanyi buravugwa muri Kibilira ku birometero 20 ugana mu majyaruguru ashyira uburengerazuba bwa Gitarama. Nk’uko byavuzwe mbere, isakara ry’aya makimbirane ritangiye kwigaragaza (…).
Biragaragara ko hari imbogamizi y’uko ingabo za leta zifite umubare muke kandi zifite uburyo budahagije haba mu bikoresho cyangwa muri tekinike, ibi bigatuma zidashobora gukoresha neza ubudahemuka bw’abaturage bariho nabo bakora ibikorwa bya gisirikare bibumbiye mu matsinda yo kwirindira umutekano, bakoresha imiheto n’imihoro. Inkunga ikomeye iturutse hanze ni yo yonyine yabafasha nabo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo ku nyungu zabo. Tukaba dutabaje inshuti, by’umwihariko u Bufaransa”.
Muri telegaramu yo ku wa 15 Ukwakira 1990, Georges Martres yemeye ko jenoside ishoboka, ariko agumana umubano n’ubutegetsi bwashakaga kuyikora nk’aho agira ati: ‘ Abaturage b’abanyarwanda bakomoka mu bwoko bw’abatutsi barakeka ko urugamba rwa gisirikare rwaburijwemo kuko rutashoboye ku buryo bwihuse gukangurira abahutu intego yo kugarura ubwami. Baracyafite icyizere cyo gutsinda urugamba rwa gisirikare kubera inkunga mu bantu no mu bikoresho bahabwa n’amahanga. Iyi ntsinzi ya gisirikare, n’ubwo yaba ari igice, yatuma barokoka jenoside”.
Tariki 06 Ukuboza 1990, ikinyamakuru rutwitsi Kangura n0 6 cyasohoye amategeko cumi y’Abahutu, adahishira na gato umugambi wa jenoside. Ku gifuniko cy’iyo nyandiko hariho ifoto ya Perezida François Mitterand n’inyandiko igira iti: ‘Inshuti nyanshuti y’u Rwanda. Inshuti nyanshuti uyibonera mu byago”. Georges Martres yamenyesheje abamukuriye uko ibintu bimeze muri telegaramu ye yo ku wa 19 Ukuboza aho agira ati: ‘ ikinyamakuru Kangura giheruka gusohoka navuze muri telegaramu yanjye 740 yo ku wa 17 Ukuboza cyasembuye uburakari mu baturage b’Abahutu bakomeje kugaragaraho ubwiyongere bw’ubutagondwa, abandi nabo kibatera ubwoba”. Nyamara Georges Martres ntiyigeze ateganya gusaba u Bufaransa kugira inama inshuti yabwo, Leta y’u Rwanda, yo kuburizamo ikwirakwizwa ry’izo nyandiko zakanguriraga abantu kugira urwango rushingiye ku moko.
Muri iyo telegaramu kandi yo ku wa 19 Ukuboza 1990, Georges Martres yerekanye ko: ‘Imibanire imeze nabi hagati y’amoko abiri akomeye, Abahutu n’Abatutsi, ashobora kuvamo bidatinze imvururu zishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye mu Rwanda no mu karere kose”. Iyo telegaramu irongera iti: ‘Ubuhezanguni bw’Abahutu buriyongera kuri bamwe, ari nako butera ubwoba abandi”. Biratangaje kubona ambasaderi Georges Martres ntacyo yakoze kugira ngo abuze ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda kwishora mu marorerwa.
Muri telegaramu yo ku wa 24 Mutarama 1991, yanditswe amaze kubonana na perezida Habyarimana, Georges Martresyavuze ko yemeranya n’igitekerezo cyagaragajwe na perezida Habyarimana kivuga ko hari umugambi wo gushinga igihugu kinini (empire) hima-tutsi, aho kubona neza ko igitera intambara ari ugushaka ko ubutegetsi bwashyiraho politike ibereye ngo ayo amakimbirane ashire. Aragira ati: ‘Perezida yansubiriyemo ko adashidikanya ko u Rwanda rwahuye n’igitero gikomeye giturutse hanze, ku buryo ntawakwihandagaza ngo avuge ko ari intambara ireba igihugu ubwacyo. (…). Nemeye nanjye ko ikibazo kigenda kiganzamo ibyerekeye amoko, abateye bakaba bose ari abatutsi b’abahima bo mu karere k’ibiyaga bigari ariho perezida Museveni nawe ubwe akomoka”.
Muri telegaramu yo ku wa 09 werurwe 1992 ivuga kw’iyicwa ry’Abatutsi mu Bugesera, Georges Martres yemeye ko hariho gukaza umurego k’ubuhezanguni bw’Abahutu bari mw’ishyaka riri k’ubutegetsi n’andi arishamikiyeho, nyamara ntacyo yasabye abamukuriye ngo barebe uko ubwo buhezanguni n’ingaruka zabwo byahosha. Yagize ati: ‘Hashize amezi menshi hagaragara imitwe y’abahezanguni –Ishyaka riharanira kurengera abagore na rubanda rugufi, ishyaka riharanira kurengera Repubulika (CDR),Palipehutu-,yose ishyigikiwe n’ikinyamakuru Kangura, ihamagarira abahutu kwishyira hamwe ngo bagendere ku matwara ya Parmehutu ya kera, bakiha intego nyamukuru yo kurengera rubanda nyamwinshi ngo ibashe guhangana n’ubwoko bwazanye ubuhake kera. Abo bahezanguni, akenshi usanga mu ntagondwa zikomoka muri Muvoma revolisiyoneli y’igihugu iharanira demokarasi n’amajyambere (MRNDD) baheruka kwamburwa ubutegetsi, akenshi bakomoka mu majyaruguru y’igihugu, ariko bakora uko bashoboye ngo bahindure ibitekerezo by’abo mu majyepfo, kugeza ubu ubona ko bataragerwaho n’intambara ku buryo bugaragara”.
Muri telegaramu yo ku wa 11 Werurwe 1992, Georges Martres yasobanuye ko ‘imvururu zo mu Bugesera”, by’umwihariko iyicwa ry’umubikira w’umutaliyanikazi Tonia LOCATELLI, zitakozwe n’ubuyobozi bwaho. Aragira ati: ‘Kwaba kwibeshya nk’uko bivugwa n’ubuyobozi, kwaba kwicwa bigambiriwe nk’uko bivugwa n’ibihuha, uwishwe yari azwiho kutavuga rumwe na burugumesitiri utari ukunzwe muri komine. Byongeye, ibyo yatangaje kuri RFI, ndetse binafutamye ku buryo buhagije, ntabwo byashimishije na gato ubutegetsi”. Tonia Locatelli yishwe n’umusirikare w’umunyarwanda kubera ko mu kiganiro yagiranye na RFI kuri telefone yari yamaganye ibyatangazwaga na leta y’u Rwanda ibeshya ko ubwicanyi bwabereye mu Bugesera butateguwe. Ibi birerekana ko ambasaderi Martres yari ashyigikiye ubwo butegetsi no mu marorerwa bwakoraga.
Igihe cyose Habyarimana yasabaga inkunga ya gisirikare u Bufaransa yitwaje igitero cya FPR, ambasaderi Georges Martresyamukoreraga ubuvugizi ngo ayihabwe kandi itangwe vuba na bwangu nta gukoresha ububasha bufite ngo Ubufaransa bubanze kumusaba kwemera gushyiraho ubutegetsi bugendeye kuri demokarasi no guhagarika ihonyorwa ry’uburenganzira bw’abantu. Urugero: tariki 5 Kamena 1992, Georges Martres yaranditse agira ati: ‘Muri iki gitondo saa mbiri, perezida Habyarimana yampamagaye amenyesha ko FPR yateye mu mujyi wa Byumba ari nako ikora ibindi bikorwa by’intambara muri Mukono na Kaniga. (…). Ubwo nyine umukuru w’igihugu arifuza kw’ikompanyi (compagnie) ya kabiri yakwoherezwa bidatinze i Kigali ngo irinde umujyi n’ikibuga cy’indege. Uko igitero cyaba kimeze kwose n’intera cyaba kiriho n’ubwo ntashobora kubimenya, ndasanga ko uko byamera kwose ari ngombwa kwongerera ingufu abasirikare b’Ubufaransa bari mu Rwanda bagize ‘détachement Noroít”.
Tariki ya 07 Werurwe 1993, habaye isinywa ry’ihagarikwa ry’imirwano i Dar-es-Salam hagati ya FAR na FPR. Tariki 9 Werurwe 1993, CDR yareze ubugambanyi Habyarimana na Minisitiri w’intebe Dismas Nsengiyaremye. Tariki 11 werurwe 1993, Georges Martres yahise yandika telegaramu ndende inenga, nk’uko CDR nayo yabikoze, amasezerano yo gusaranganya ubutegetsi ndetse n’ayo guhagarika imirwano. Yerekanye ko ababajwe n’ikumirwa rya CDR mu nzego z’inzibacyuho we yavugaga ko ntacyo zishingiyeho (arbitraire), ndetse anarakazwa n’uko, kuba Habyarimana yemeye ibyo, ‘yatsinzwe burundu”, ‘yabuze byose”. Georges Martres yahise asaba ko ‘nationalisme hutu” (uguharanira igihugu cy’Abahutu) guhagarariwe na CDR kwishakamo undi muyobozi, nk’aho yavuze ko Perezida Habyarimana yagombaga kuba Perezida w’Abahutu bonyine, bityo akaba yasimburwa ku mwanya w’umukuru w’igihugu kubera gusa ko yemeye gusinya amasezerano yo guhagarika intambara n’ayo gusangira ubutegetsi. Urebye uko ibintu byari bimeze muri icyo gihe, usanga gushyigikira ibyasabwaga n’ishyaka rirangwa n’ubuhezanguni kwa ambasaderi Georges Martres kwarahaye urwaho ikwirakwizwa ry’amagambo abiba urwango ndetse n’ubugizi bwa nabi bushingiye ku moko.
3) Mu magambo ye mbwirwaruhame
Mu 1991, Georges Martres yabajijwe n’itsinda mpuzamahanga riyobowe n’imiryango itanu itari iya Leta ryakoraga iperereza kw’iyicwa ry’Abagogwe muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri na Gisenyi. Georges Martres yapfobeje uburemere bw’ubwo bwicanyi, avuga ko ari ibikorwa bisanzwe byo kwihorera, bityo aba ahinduye abere abayobozi b’u Rwanda kandi ari bo bakoraga ubwicanyi bakanabugiramo uruhare ku buryo butaziguye. Yagize ati: ‘Namenyeshejwe iby’ubwicanyi bwabereye mu duce twinshi tw’u Rwanda. Ndakeka ko ari hamwe na hamwe kandi ko guverinoma izakora uko ishoboye ngo ihoshe ibyo bikorwa byo kwihorera bibangamiye ubwiyunge bw’igihugu kandi bikomeje bikaba byajyana igihugu mu kaga”.
B. Marlaud Jean-Michel
Nk’uwo yasimbuye, Jean-Michel Marlaud nawe yahaye umugisha ubutegetsi bw’iterabwoba bwa Habyarimana Juvénal, agira ubufatanye n’amashyaka y’abahezanguni b’Abahutu ndetse aranigaragaza mw’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jenoside nyirizina.
1) Ibyo yivugiye we ubwe n’ubuhamya bw’abo bakoranaga
Imbere y’itsinda ry’abadepite b’abafaransa ryakusanyaga amakuru ku bikorwa by’Ubufaransa mu Rwanda, Jean-Michel Marlaud yemeye ko yabonaga k’uburyo buhagije amakuru yerekana ko jenoside igomba gukorerwa Abatutsi yegereje. Aragira ati: ‘ ayo makuru yazaga yunganira andi menshi ambasade yari yarahawe, ayiburira ko umunsi FPR yongeye gushoza urugamba, bukeye ubwicanyi buzahita butangira”.
Michel Cuingnet, umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe ubutwererane hagati y’Ubufaransa n’u Rwanda (Ukwakira 1992-Nzeri 1994), yahishuriye itsinda ry’abafaransa rishinzwe gukusanya amakuru ko ambasade y’u Bufaransa yari izi neza iby’itegurwa rya jenoside aho agira ati: ‘ Tariki 8 Mutarama 1994, hagaragaye itangwa ry’intwaro ryakorwaga n’igisirikare mu midugudu ituwe n’Abahutu mu majyaruguru ashyira uburengerazuba bw’igihugu, ndetse tariki 19 Mutarama 1994, hari ibaruwa ya Minisitiri w’Intebe Uwilingiyimana Agathe yandikiye abaminisitiri ba MRND arega Minisitiri w’Ingabo kuba yaratangishije izo ntwaro. Uwo munsi kandi,M.Booh-Booh, wari uhagarariye Umuryango w’Abibumbye, yatangaje ko intwaro zose zari mu bubiko bwa rwihishwa zaburiwe irengero”.
2) Amatangazo yo mu rwego rwa dipolomasi
Tariki ya 12 Mutarama 1994, umukozi w’ambasade y’u Bufaransa i Kigali, Bwana Bunel, wahabwaga amabwiriza na ambasaderi Marlaud, yohereje telegaramu i Paris, imenyesha ko hari umugambi wo gutsembatsemba Abatutsi. Dore uko iteye:
”Impamvu: Itutumba ry’intambara hagati mu gihugu”:
Intumwa idasanzwe y’Umunyamabanga mukuru w’umuryango w’Abibumbye yatumije inama muri iki gitondo y’abahagarariye ibihugu by’Ububiligi, Leta zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika n’u Bufaransa, hari kandi na jenerali Dallaire, ngo abamenyeshe amakuru yatanzwe n’umuyobozi wo hejuru muri MRND ushinzwe by’umwihariko gutoza Interahamwe, avuga ko intambara hagati mu gihugu yaba igiye gutangizwa kandi ikaba izagenda ku buryo bukurikira: (…) Interahamwe 1700 z’i Kigali zaba zarabonye imyitozo ya gisirikare ndetse n’intwaro. Ibyo bikaba byarakozwe babifashijwemo n’umugaba w’ingabo za FAR. Kuba aho Abatutsi batuye i Kigali hazwi neza, nabyo bizatuma biborohera kwica 1000 muri bo mw’isaha ya mbere imvururu zigitangira”.
3) Ishyirwaho rya Guverinoma y’abicanyi
Tariki ya 7 Mutarama 1994, Jean-Michel Marlaud yagize uruhare rugaragara mw’ishyirwaho rya guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yakoraga jenoside, bibera muri za biro za ambasade y’u Bufaransa. Yahunze ikintu cyose cyatuma habaho guhura kw’abanyapolitike b’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe n’iyo guverinoma, nka Minisitiri w’intebe Uwilingiyimana Agathe nyamara wari utuye hafi ya ambasade y’u Bufaransa, cyangwa se umugaba w’ingabo wari washyizweho, jenerali Gatsinzi Marcel nawe utari ushyigikiye Jenoside. Marlaud yafatanyije gusa n’abicanyi.
4) Guhungisha abahezanguni
Hagati y’itariki 7 na 14 Mata 1994, Jean-Michel Marlaud yitaye cyane kw’ihungishwa ry’abahezanguni bari k’ubutegetsi ari nabo bakoraga ubwicanyi. Ni nawe wafashe icyemezo cyo gutererana abakozi ba ambasade y’u Bufaransa b’Abatutsi ndetse n’abandi bakoraga mu mashami y’ubutwererane y’u Bufaransa. Yanze ihungishwa ry’abana b’imfubyi bari mu kigo cy’umufaransa Marc Vaiter, nyamara yohereza abasirikare guhungisha abari mu kigo cy’imfubyi kitiriwe Mutagatifu Agathe cy’uwari umugore w’umukuru w’igihugu, Habyarimana.
Georges Martres wabaye Ambasaderi w’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda kuva mu 1989 kugeza mu 1993 na Jean-Michel Marlaud wabaye Ambasaderi w’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda kuva 1993 kugeza muri Mata 1994.
Mu gihe cy’ihungishwa ry’abari mu kigo kitiriwe Mutagatifu Agathe, Abatutsi baratoranijwe, baricwa, berekanwa n’uwari umuyobozi w’umutwe wa CDR witwaraga gisirikare, Kanyamihigo Paul, ibyo bikaba byarabereye imbere y’abasirikare b’abafaransa. Ahandi naho, nko kuri ambasade y’u Bufaransa i Kigali, ku Kigo ndangamuco cy’u Bufaransa (Centre Culturel Français), mbere y’ikibuga cy’indege cy’i Kanombe n’ahandi, abasirikare b’abafaransa bakoze igikorwa cyo kurobanura abantu maze bagahungisha bamwe bibanze gusa k’ubwoko bwabo. Iryo jonjora rigamije ubwicanyi ryakozwe ku mabwiriza ya Jean-Michel Marlaud.
5) Gushakira jenoside ibisobanuro
Jean-Michel Marlaud ntiyatezutse ku bitekerezo bya Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho mu gushakira ibisobanuro jenoside ayita intambara ya gisirikare ari nako asiga icyaha FPR kandi yo yararwanaga ahubwo ngo ihagarike jenoside. Dore uko avuga: ‘Ni FPR yanga ihagarikwa ry’imirwano nk’uko UNITA yabikoze muri Angola. Kuvuga ko izahagarika imirwano ari uko ubugizi bwa nabi n’ubwicanyi bihagaze bituma impamvu zihinduka gatebe gatoki. Niba koko nyuma y’urupfu rwa Perezida ubwicanyi bwarahise butangira bikaba byaratumye FPR igira impamvu yo kubura imirwano, uno munsi ibintu biratandukanye: Abahutu, mu gihe bazaba bakibona ko FPR igerageza gufata ubutegetsi, ntakundi bazagira atari ugukora ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko. Ihagarikwa ry’imirwano ni ryo ryonyine rishobora kuganisha ku nzira yo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo”.
Umwanzuro
Aba bambasaderi babiri b’abafaransa bari mu Rwanda hagati ya 1990 na 1994 bari bazi neza ko hari umugambi ucurwa wo gukora jenoside. Barebereye ku bushake ukuntu ibintu byagiye bijya iwa Ndabaga, ndetse banatanga ubufasha bukomeye mu gushyigikira ubutegetsi bwateguraga bukanakora jenoside.
Dr BIZIMANA Jean Damascène
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
