Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu myaka 30 ishize, kuva muri Mata kugera muri Nyakanga 1994, yabaye umusaruro w’imbuto mbi yabibwe n’abayobozi mu nzego za politiki n’iza gisirikare, ku isonga hakaba Perezida wa Repubulika, Jenerali Majoro Habyarimana Juvénal n’abambari be ba hafi ndetse n’umugore we Agathe Kanziga.
Ubwo FPR yatangizaga urugamba rwo kubohora Igihugu mu maboko y’ubutegetsi bw’abicanyi, urwo rugamba rwifashishijwe nk’urwitwazo n’abategetsi ba Leta ya Habyarimana mu itegurwa n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’umugambi wo gutsemba Abatutsi bose bo mu Rwanda n’Abahutu batari bashyigikiye uwo mugambi wa Jenoside.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uwo mugambi wo kurimbura Abatutsi ntiryari ibanga ku muntu n’umwe kuko ryatangazwaga n’abategetsi bashize amanga. Abambasaderi bo mu bihugu by’Uburengerazuba bw’Isi bari i Kigali icyo gihe babimenyesheje ibihugu byabo, nka Ambasaderi w’u Bufaransa yabimenyesheje ubutegetsi bw’u Bufaransa n’ubwo bwakoranaga bya hafi n’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana.
Uruhare rwa Perezida Habyarimana ku giti cye mu itegurwa rya Jenoside rugaragarira mu kuba ari we wazanye igitekerezo cyo gukora jenoside akagicengeza mu nzego zose z’ubuzima bw’Igihugu, bwaba ubwa gisivili, ubwa politiki n’ubwa gisirikari hagati y’umwaka wa 1990-1994.
Ba Ambasaderi bo mu bihugu by’Uburengerazuba bw’Isi bamenye uwo mugambi hakiri kare bawumenyesha ibihugu byabo mu 1990. Reka mbisobanure nifashishije ingero eshatu zikurikira :
Ku wa 13 Ukwakira 1990, koloneli René Galinié wari uhagariye inyungu z’u Bufaransa mu bya gisirikari muri Ambasade y’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda, yoherereje abayobozi be ubutumwa bw’ibanga bwashyizweho umukono na Ambasaderi Georges Martres, aho yagaragaje ubukana bwa jenoside yari yatangiriye i Kibilira mu Karere ka Ngororero. Yagize ati, “Abaturage b’Abahutu bateguwe na MRND bashishikariye guhiga Abatutsi b’ibyitso ku misozi. Ubwicanyi buravugwa mu duce twa Kibilira mu Majyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba bwa Gitarama. Ibimenyetso by’uko ubwo bushyamirane bushobora gufata indi ntera biragaragara.”
Kuwa 15 Ukwakira 1990, Ambasaderi w’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda Georges Martres muri telegaramu yoherereje Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga w’u Bufaransa n’Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo, Gen. Lanxade yakoresheje ijambo “Jenoside” avuga ubwicanyi bwakorwaga mu Rwanda bwatangiwe uruhushya na Perezida wa Repubulika Juvénal Habyarimana.
Agace k’iyo Telegaramu karagira kati, “Abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi batekereza ko ubufasha bwa gisirikari ingabo z’u Bufaransa zatanze butatanze umusaruro wihuse nk’uko byifuzwaga kuko butabujije Abahutu ubukangurambaga mu Bahutu bwo kurwanya igitekerezo cyo kugarura ingoma ya cyami. Biringiye ko intsinzi ya gisirikari ya bene wabo baba mu mahanga nubwo yaba ari nto, ari yo yabafasha kurokoka ubwo bwicanyi bwa jenoside.”
Mu 1998 ubwo Ambasaderi Martres yabazwaga na Komisiyo y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Bufaransa iyobowe na Depite Paul Quilès, yatanze ibisobanuro birambuye kuri uwo mugambi wa Jenoside. Yagaragaje ko Koloneli Laurent Serubuga, Umugaba Mukuru Wungirije w’Ingabo z’u Rwanda wari uwa kabiri kuri Perezida Habyarimana yamubwiye ko ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda bwiteguye gutsemba Abatutsi.
Ati, “Byaragaragaraga ko hagiye kuba Jenoside kuva muri icyo gihe (1990). Bamwe mu Bahutu bari baratinyutse kubivugaho. Koloneli Serubuga, Umugaba Mukuru Wungirije w’Ingabo z’u Rwanda yashimishijwe n’igitero cya FPR, kuko kuri we cyahaga urwaho ubwicanyi bw’Abatutsi.”
“Jenoside yatumaga Abatutsi bahorana ubwoba. » Kuva mu ntangiriro z’Ukwakira 1990, abantu benshi mu Mujyi wa Kigali barafashwe barafungwa, abenshi muri bo bakaba baraziraga ko babarizwa mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi, bafitiye impuhwe Abatutsi cyangwa se bagira aho bahurira na bo.”
Nyuma y’iminsi ine, kuwa 19 Ukwakira 1990, Koloneli Galinié yohereje ubundi butumwa bwa dipolomasi mu Bufaransa, agaragaza umugambi wo gutsemba Abatutsi bose bari ku butaka bw’u Rwanda. Yabyanditse muri aya magambo.
“Birashoboka ko hagiye gutangira ubugizi bwa nabi bukabije bwibasira Abatutsi b’imbere mu gihugu, bushobora gukorwa mu buryo buhutiyeho cyangwa se ababukora bakabishishikarizwa mu buryo butaziguye n’intagondwa zo mu butegetsi zishaka gushyira mu bikorwa umugambi wazo mubisha uko wateguwe.”
Inyandiko yo ku wa 19 Ugushyingo 1990, yaturutse mu biro by’iperereza ku rwego rwa Superefegitura ya Ngororero, yatanze ibisobanuro birambuye kuri ubwo bwicanyi mu buryo bukurikira :
Komini Kibilira : Hishwe abantu 352, barimo Abatutsi 345 n’Abahutu 7. Abatutsi 45 barakomerekejwe, inzu 423 ziratwikwa, 124 zirasenywa. Inka 387 n’amatungo magufi 173 byarishwe. Abatutsi 3.365 bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Muhororo ;
Komini Satinsyi : Abatutsi 20 barishwe, 8 barakomereka, inzu 7 ziratwikwa, 92 zirasenywa, inka 112 ziricwa, Abatutsi 915 bava mu byabo ;
Komine Ramba : Nta n’umwe wishwe ariko inzu 7 zaratwitswe, izindi 17 zirangizwa. Inka 17 zarishwe, Abatutsi 200 bava mu byabo.
Ntidushobora kwizera byimazeyo iyi mibare yatanzwe n’urwego kubera ko ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwakoresheje amayeri atandukanye hagamijwe kugabanya umubare w’abantu bishwe n’imitungo yangiritse kugira ngo buhishe ubukana ubwo bwicanyi bwakoranwe ndetse no mu rwego rwo gukingira ikibaba ababaga bakoze ayo mahano. Aya makuru ariko aragaragaza ko Abatutsi ba Ngororero batotejwe kandi bakicwa bunyamaswa.
Kimwe mu bimenyetso bigaragaza uruhare rwa Perezida Habyarimana mu mugambi wa Jenoside cyane mu ntangiriro y’igitekerezo cyawo ni ibyabaye mu Ukwakira 1990, ni ibikorwa byo guhiga abaturage b’Abatutsi byatangiye mu ijoro ryo ku ya 4 rishyira itariki 5 Ukwakira 1990
Muri abo bicanyi nta n’umwe wagejejwe imbere y’ubutabera. Uwari ku isonga ry’ubwo bwicanyi no kwimakaza umuco wo kudahana ni Perezida wa Repubulika ubwe, Juvénal Habyarimana wari umuyobozi mukuru w’urwego rw’ubutabera icyo gihe akaba n’umugaba w’ikirenga w’ingabo z’u Rwanda.
Ikindi kimenyetso cyerekana uruhare rwa Perezida Habyarimana mu mugambi wa Jenoside mu ntangiriro y’igitekerezo cyawo mu Kwakira 1990, ni uguhiga abaturage b’Abatutsi byatangiye mu ijoro ryo ku ya 4 rishyira itariki 5 Ukwakira 1990.
Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana bwakoze igisa n’ikinamico, burasa mu kirere mu Mujyi wa Kigali bubeshya ko ari igitero cya FPR. Nyuma y’ibyo, abajandarume, abasirikari, ababurugumesitiri, abajyanama b’imirenge n’abakozi bashinzwe iperereza basatse ingo kandi bata muri yombi abantu benshi, cyane cyane Abatutsi.
Umubare w’abantu batawe muri yombi warengaga ibihumbi 10.000. Nta n’umwe muri bo wari wakoze icyaha: bari Abatutsi gusa bashinjwaga kuba ibyitso by’Inkotanyi cyangwa Abahutu bakekwaho kuba bafatanije n’Abatutsi.
Urugero, ni ibyatangajwe na nyakwigendera Padiri Modeste Mungwarabera, icyo gihe wari umuyobozi w’Iseminari Nto ya Karubanda (Butare) akaba n’umwarimu w’ubutabire muri Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda, yari umwe mu bafungiwe muri Gereza ya Butare.
Yatanze amakuru amwe n’amwe ku byamubayeho, cyane cyane mu kiganiro yahaye ikinyamakuru cyo mu Bufaransa cyitwa La Croix ku wa 4 Nyakanga 1994. Yabivuze muri aya magambo: “Mu 1990, intambara itangiye, narafashwe ndafungwa. Namaze amezi atandatu muri gereza ntazi impamvu mfunzwe. Bavuze ko nari mfitanye umubano na FPR kuko ndi Umututsi. Nyamara mu by’ukuri nta kintu na kimwe nari nzi kuri FPR.”
Ku wa 18 Ukwakira 1990, Minisitiri w’Ubutabera Théoneste Mujyanama yagiranye ikiganiro n’abanyamakuru ku ifatwa n’ifungwa ry’abo yise “Ibyitso”. Mu gusobanura impamvu harimo umubare munini w’Abatutsi bafashwe bagafungwa, yatangaje ko “kuba mu bwoko bumwe n’abateye Igihugu bibashyira mu cyiciro cy’abagomba gukekwa kurusha abandi”. Guhimba ibirego bishingiye ku moko byabaye intandaro yo kwima ubutabera abantu benshi.
Ntidushobora kuvuga ku ruhare rwa Perezida Habyarimana mu itegurwa rya Jenoside ngo twirengagize imbwirwaruhame yo ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1992 yavugiye muri mitingi y’abamushyigikiye kuri Stade ya Ruhengeri.
Yatangaje ku mugaragaro jenoside, asaba Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa MRND kugurira no kwambika Interahamwe impuzankano nshya zikaberwa. Yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko igihe nikigera Perezida ubwe azatanga amabwiriza yo “kwimanukira we n’Interahamwe ze”. Iyi mvugo yo “kwimanukira we n’Interahamwe” yari igamije mbere na mbere kwibasira Abatutsi icyo gihe bafatwaga nk’abanzi ba Repubulika.
Ku wa 25 Ugushyingo 1992, ishyaka rya MDR ryoherereje Perezida Habyarimana ibaruwa yamagana igitero cyagabwe muri Komini ya Shyorongi ku wa 15 Ugushyingo 1992 n’Interahamwe ziherekejwe n’abasirikare bambaye imyenda ya gisivile.
Iki gitero cyari kiyobowe n’umuyobozi wa Komine Shyorongi Alexandre Hitimana, wari watanze imbunda. Abantu batandatu barishwe abandi barenga 500 bava mu byabo barahunga.
Interahamwe zari zishyigikiwe na bagenzi babo bari baturutse mu gace ka Remera mu Mujyi wa Kigali bayobowe na muramu wa Perezida Habyarimana, Aloys Ngirabatware. Ishyaka rya MDR ryatangaje ko amarorerwa nk’ayo yabaga ashyigikiwe na Minisitiri w’Umutekano Faustin Munyazesa, Perefe wa Kigali-Ngari Côme Bizimungu, Umuyobozi wa Komini Shyorongi Alexandre Hitimana, na Bonaventure Habimana wahoze ari Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa MRND wakomokaga muri Komini Shyorongi.
Iyo baruwa ya MDR yasojwe imenyesha Perezida Habyarimana ko ubwo bwari bufitanye isano n’ijambo yavugiye mu Ruhengeri mu cyumweru kimwe mbere yaho, aho yari yatangaje ko atemera Amasezerano ya Arusha, kandi ko igihe nikigera azakora ku Nterahamwe ze bakimanukira. Aya magambo yasajije cyane abamushyigikiye.
Muri iyo baruwa, MDR yasabye Perezida Habyarimana gusubiza mu byabo abakuwe mu byabo n’intambara, kubungabunga umutekano w’Abanyarwanda bose no guhana abantu bose bagize uruhare muri ibyo bikorwa by’urugomo.
Iyo baruwa yashyizweho umukono na: Bonaventure Ubaljoro, Perezida wa MDR i Kigali; André Rwajekare, visi-perezida wa MDR i Kigali; Anastase Gasana, umunyamabanga wa MDR i Kigali na Juvénal Banzamihigo, umubitsi wa MDR i Kigali.
Muri Mutarama 1993, Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’iperereza yari iyobowe n’ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yakoze iperereza ryayo mu Rwanda maze ivumbura ibyobo byinshi byashyinguwemo imirambo y’Abatutsi b’Abagogwe bishwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana muri Perefegitura za Ruhengeri na Gisenyi.
Iyo komisiyo yari igizwe n’impuguke 10 zaturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye ari zo: Perezida w’iryo tsinda Jean Carbonare (u Bufaransa); Philippe Dahinden (u Busuwisi); René Degni-Ségui (Côte d’Ivoire); Alison Des Forges (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika); Éric Gillet (u Bubiligi); William Schabas (Kanada); Halidou Ouedraogo (Burkina Faso); André Paradis (Canada); Rein Odink (u Buholandi) na Paul Dodinval (Ububiligi). Iperereza ryakozwe n’abo bashakashatsi ryabashije kugaragaza ko hishwe abantu 277 mu kwezi kumwe gusa kwa Werurwe 1991.
Komisiyo yavuze ko abenshi mu bishwe ari abasore kandi ko bapfuye bazize imvune nyinshi zo mu mutwe no mu maso batewe n’ibintu byinshi bakubiswe. Ubu bwicanyi bwabereye muri Komini nyinshi za Ruhengeri (Nkuli, Kinigi, Mukingo) na Gisenyi (Gaseke, Giciye, Karago, Mutura, Kanama, Rwerere).
Iyi Komisiyo mpuzamahanga yagaragaje ko abayobozi ba gisivili n’abasirikare b’aho ubwicanyi bwabereye babugizemo uruhare, barimo Perefe wa Ruhengeri Charles Nzabagerageza, ndetse n’uwa Gisenyi Côme Bizimungu.
Hari kandi abayobozi b’amakomine yabereyemo ubwicanyi. Perefe Nzabagerageza yari mubyara wa Perezida Habyarimana kandi yari yarashakanye na mubyara w’umugore we Agathe Kanziga.
Komisiyo kandi yanagaragaje uruhare muri ubwo bwicanyi rw’abandi bategetsi bakomeye barimo Minisitiri w’Imirimo ya Leta Joseph Nzirorera, Colonel Elie Sagatwa wari umujyanama wa Perezida Habyarimana na Protais Zigiranyirazo, muramu wa Perezida Habyarimana.
Ku mugoroba wo ku wa 28 Mutarama 1993, umuyoboozi w’iyi Komisiyo Jean Carbonare, Perezida wa Komisiyo, avuye mu Rwanda, yatumiwe n’umunyamakuru Bruno Masure mu makuru ya Televiziyo ya France 2, maze araturika ararira kuri televiziyo.
Icyo gihe yamagannye urwego ruhanitse ubwicanyi bwakozweho n’uburyo kwica abasivili byateguwe n’ubutegetsi, ahamya ko ntaho byari bihuriye no “gushyamirana kw’amoko” ahubwo yerekana ko yari “politiki yateguwe”, yagizwemo “uruhare rukomeye n’ubutegetsi kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru” Jean Carbonare yashimangiye ko ibyabaye mu Rwanda ari “jenoside, icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu,” ati “turashimangira aya magambo !” akanerekana ko Perezida Habyarimana ubwe yari ku isonga ryabyo.
Ibisobanuro bya Jean Carbonare byashimangiwe n’amashusho y’icyobo kinini cy’amagufa y’abantu yatahuwe n’abashakashatsi muri Komine ya Mutura (Gisenyi) na Kinigi (Ruhengeri).
Mu Rwanda, Carbonare yari yarakiriwe na Ambasaderi Martres w’u Bufaransa, amusobanurira mu buryo burambuye uburemere bw’ibyagaragajwe na Komisiyo yari ayoboye.
Iki kiganiro kirangiye, Ambasaderi Martres yoherereje ubutumwa umujyanama wa Perezida Mitterrand ushinzwe ibibazo bya Afurika, Bruno Delaye, amugaragariza uburemere bw’ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu rikorerwa mu Rwanda riyobowe na Perezida wa Repubulika Juvénal Habyarimana. Yabivuze muri aya magambo:
“Bwana Carbonare […] yamenyesheje ibyavuye mu iperereza Komisiyo yari ayoboye yakoze […] bakusanyije amakuru afatika ku bwicanyi bwabaye kuva intambara yatangira mu Kwakira 1990, by’umwihariko ubwakorewe Abagogwe (itsinda ryo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi) nyuma y’igitero cyagabwe kuri Ruhengeri muri Mutarama 1991.”
Ambasaderi yunzemo ati, “Urebye uko ibintu byagenze, iyi raporo iratanga amakuru yiyongera ku yari yaramaze kumenyekana. […] Ubwicanyi ngo bwaba bwaratewe na Perezida Habyarimana ubwe mu nama y’abafatanyabikorwa be ba hafi.”
“Muri iyo nama, ubwicanyi bwateguwe hashingiwe ku mabwiriza yo gukora jenoside, byaba ngombwa, ingabo zikabigiramo uruhare ndetse abaturage bagashishikarizwa kwica, bigafasha mu gukangurira abaturage kunga ubumwe mu kurwanya ubwoko bw’Abatutsi.”
Ibyagaragajwe n’iyi Komisiyo byatumye Komisiyo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu yiyemeza kohereza mu Rwanda intumwa yayo idasanzwe ishinzwe ibijyanye n’ubwicanyi budakurikije amategeko, Bacre Wally Ndiaye, ufite ubwenegihugu bwa Sénégal.
Yasohoye raporo ye ku wa 11 Kanama 1993, aho yanzuye agira ati, “Abaturage b’Abatutsi ni bo bibasiwe n’ibitero bikomeye n’ubwicanyi bwakozwe n’abasirikari bo mu ngabo za FAR, abategetsi, ndetse n’imitwe yitwara gisirikare ya MRND ndetse na CDR. Ubu bwicanyi bugaragaza neza ko ari jenoside.”
Bacre Wally Ndiaye yagaragaje ko ubwo bwicanyi bwateguwe n’abari ku butegetsi kandi bwibasiye Abatutsi kubera ubwoko bwabo, yongeraho ko mu Rwanda hashobora kuba jenoside irambuye mu gihe Umuryango w’Abibumbye ntacyo ukoze ngo uyikumire.
Mu by’ukuri, mu gihe Ndiaye n’itsinda rye barimo bakora iperereza mu Rwanda, gahunda yose yo gutegura Jenoside yari yaramaze gushyirwa mu bikorwa n’ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana: gushyiraho amaradiyo n’ibitangazamakuru byamamaza urwango, gushaka no guha imyitozo ya gisirikari urubyiruko ndetse no kuruha intwaro, gushinga amashyaka ya politiki y’intagondwa, gukwirakwiza imihoro n’intwaro mu baturage batoranijwe hashingiwe ku moko, gutegura urutonde rw’abantu bagomba kwicwa, n’ibindi.
Kuva ku wa 31 Mutarama 1993 kugeza ku wa 13 Gashyantare 1993, bitegetswe na Perezida Habyarimana ubwe, ku gitutu cya Koloneli Bagosora, Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga Boniface Ngulinzira wari mu gice cy’abataravugaga rumwe n’ubutegetsi yamenyeshejwe ko yakuwe ku mwanya w’umuyobozi w’intumwa z’u Rwanda mu mishyikirano y’amahoro, asimburwa na Minisitiri w’Ingabo, James Gasana, wo mu ishyaka rya Perezida rya MRND.
Iki cyemezo cyafashwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko cyamaganwe cyane na Minisitiri w’Intebe Dismas Nsengiyaremye.
Muri kiriya gihe, imishyikirano yagombaga guha umurongo ikibazo cyo kuvanga ingabo kandi intagondwa ntizashakaga Ngulinzira kubera zari zimuziho kubaha ibyemezo byafatiwe muri iyo mishyikirano.
Iki cyemezo cyerekana neza ko Perezida Habyarimana n’intagondwa ze bifuzaga kuvana Minisitiri Ngulinzira mu Mishyikirano y’Amahoro ya Arusha kubera ko batashimye uburyo yari ayishyigikiye, ndetse bamushinja ko yagurishije Igihugu kuko yari ashyigikiye gusaranganya ubutegetsi hagati ya MRND n’abataravugaga rumwe na yo, akanifuza ko FPR na yo yahabwa agaciro.
Muri rusange, umwaka wa 1993 waranzwe n’ubwiyongere bw’imyitozo ya gisirikare yahabwaga Interahamwe, ndetse n’inama zateguraga Jenoside. Zimwe muri izo nama zizwi ni:
Ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 1993, Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo, Colonel Déogratias Nsabimana, yayoboye inama yabereye mu Kigo cya Gisirikare cya Byumba yarimo abapolisi bo muri iyo perefegitura.
Iyi nama irangiye, hemejwe ko aba-ofisiye bose bagomba gukangurira abo bayoboye n’abaturage guhorera abavandimwe babo bishwe n’Inkotanyi. Ni uko babyanditse.
Itangazo ryashyizwe ahagaragara n’Ikinyamakuru Le Flambeau n° 0003 cyo ku ya 6 Ukuboza 1993, rivuga ubwicanyi bukomeye bwabaye, rigakomeza rigira riti, “Igiteye isoni ni uko badateganya kwihorera kuri FPR gusa, ahubwo barihorera bica Abatutsi b’imbere mu Gihugu”;
Ku wa 18 Ugushyingo 1993, Joseph Nzirorera, Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa MRND, yayoboye inama yabereye i Remera ahitwa i Mwufe muri Kigali-Ngari yahuje abayobozi bose b’Interahamwe.
Iyi nama yafashe icyemezo cyo kwica Abatutsi mu Gihugu hose, guhera mu Mujyi wa Kigali no mu nkengero zawo, hanyuma bigakorwa kandi mu Mijyi ya Gitarama, Nyanza, Butare na Rwamagana. Iyi mijyi yatoranyijwe nk’ahantu ho kwibandwaho kuko yari ituwe cyane n’Abatutsi n’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe n’ubutegetsi.
Ku wa 20 Ugushyingo 1993, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yayoboye inama muri hoteri ye ya Rebero L’horizon i Kigali. Iyo nama yaje isoza inama zose twavuze haruguru.
Hafashwe umwanzuro wo gukwirakwiza intwaro (zirimo gerenade, imbunda n’imipanga) mu mitwe yitwara gisirikare y’Interahamwe n’Impuzamugambi zagombaga gukoreshwa mu gutsemba Abatutsi n’Abahutu batavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi. Ikwirakwizwa ry’izi ntwaro ryakozwe hifashishijwe imodoka za bisi rusange za Leta z’ikigo cya Onatracom, riyobowe na Minisitiri w’ubwikorezi n’itumanaho, André Ntagerura;
Ku wa 21 Ugushyingo 1993, Perezida Habyarimana yayoboye inama nk’iyi ku Cyicaro Gikuru cy’Ingabo z’u Rwanda. Icyari kigamijwe kwari ugukangurira aba ofisiye kurushaho kugira uruhare mu kurwanya Inkotanyi n’Ababiligi. Bashakaga urwitwazo rwo kubangamira ishyirwaho rya Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yari yaremejwe mu masezerano mpuzamahnaga ya Arusha;
Mu ntangiriro za 1994, intagondwa zateguraga Jenoside zongeye guhura zinonosora gahunda yo gukwirakwiza intwaro mu Nterahamwe mu Gihugu hose. Basohoye inyandiko y’amabwiriza agenga imikorere yabo bise “Organisation de l’auto-défense civile”.
Iyo nyandiko ni imwe mu nyandiko nyinshi zafashwe n’abagenzacyaha ba ICTR ubwo bakoraga iperereza ku ruhare bwite rwa Jean Kambanda wari Minisitiri w’Intebe ubwo yafatwaga mu 1997 i Nairobi.
Iyo nyandiko ntivuga amazina y’abanditsi bayo cyangwa itariki yatangarijweho, ariko yemejwe na Jean Kambanda ubwe mu rubanza rwe muri ICTR, ko ari inyandiko y’ibanga ariko inyandiko koko nyayo, y’umwimerere. Abashakashatsi bayisesenguye bayigereranya n’izindi nyandiko zanditswe mu gihe kimwe maze bemeza ko yanditswe hagati ya Gashyantare na Werurwe 1994.
Iyi nyandiko itanga amakuru ku myanzuro y’iyo nama yayobowe na Perezida Habyarimana ubwe: guha abaturage uburyo bwo “kwirwanaho” biyobowe n’ingabo, uhereye ku turere duhana imbibi na Uganda.
Aba mbere bahawe intwaro ni abapolisi ba komini, inkeragutabara, abanyapolitiki bumva neza impamvu y’icyo bitaga kurinda ibyagezweho muri demokarasi na Repubulika, mu yandi magambo abayoboke ba Hutu Power bari bashyigikiye umugambi wa Jenoside.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’iyi gahunda ryashinzwe Minisitiri w’Umutekano n’uw’Ingabo. Minisitiri w’intebe, Agathe Uwilingiyimana, ntiyabimenyeshejwe kubera ko abagize iyi nama bamenye ko adashyigikiye imigambi ya Hutu Power. Iyi nyandiko igaragaza ko buri komini yagenewe imbunda 4.995 n’amasasu 499.500. Izo mbunda zagombaga kunganirwa n’intwaro gakondo (imiheto n’imyambi, amacumu…).
Ku wa 7 Mutarama 1994, habaye indi inama ku cyicaro gikuru cya MRND iyobowe na Perezida w’iryo shyaka, Mathieu Ngirumpatse, yitabiriwe na Minisitiri w’ingabo, Augustin Bizimana, Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo z’u Rwanda, Jenerali Déogratias Nsabimana, uwa Jandarumori Jenerali Augustin Ndindiriyimana na Perezida w’Interahamwe za MRND Robert Kajuga.
Muri iyi nama yo mu rwego rwo hejuru yagaragajwe n’inzego z’ubutasi z’Ububiligi, hafashwe umwanzuro wo kuburizamo isaka ry’intwaro ryari ryateguwe na MINUAR no kwimurira intwaro mu bundi bubiko. Igikorwa nk’iki cyo guhisha intwaro zigamije gukoreshwa muri Jenoside nticyashoboraga gukorwa Perezida wa Repubulika Juvénal Habyarimana ubwe atabizi kandi atabanje kubitangira uburenganzira ;
Ikimenyetso ni uko bukeye bwaho, ku wa 8 Mutarama 1994, Ingabo z’u Rwanda zakwirakwije intwaro mu Nterahamwe muri perefegitura zo mu majyaruguru y’Igihugu, Gisenyi na Ruhengeri. Kuri uwo munsi, i Kigali habaye imyigaragambyo ikaze yakozwe n’Interahamwe zitwaje amagerenade zikikijwe n’abaparakomando bo mu Kigo cya Kanombe hamwe n’abasirikare barinda Umukuru w’Igihugu bari bambaye imyenda ya gisivili ; bafunze inzira yinjira mu nyubako ikoreramo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ahagombaga kubera umuhango wo kurahira kw’abagize guverinoma y’inzibacyuho. Abajandarume b’u Rwanda na MINUAR ntacyo babikozeho.
Ku wa 11 Mutarama 1994, Jenerali Romeo Dallaire, Umuyobozi Mukuru wa MINUAR, akoresheje ubutumwa bwa fax, yamenyesheje Jenerali Maurice Barril wari ukuriye ishami rya gisirikare ry’Urwego rw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye rushinzwe ibikorwa byo kubungabunga amahoro ku Isi, ko MINUAR ifite amakuru mpamo ku bijyanye n’ububiko bw’ibanga bw’intwaro bwari mu Murwa Mukuru wa Kigali n’imyitozo y’Interahamwe zifite ubushobozi bwo kwica abantu barenga 1.000 mu minota 20.
Iyi nyandiko kandi yahawe abambasaderi bahagarariye ibihugu byabo i Kigali. Umuryango w’Abibumbye wanze gutanga uburenganzira bwo gufatira izo ntwaro.
Ku wa 12 Mutarama 1994, Jenerali Dallaire na Jacques Roger Booh Booh, intumwa idasanzwe y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mu Rwanda, bamenyesheje ambasaderi w’Ubufaransa, uwa Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’uw’Ububiligi ibijyanye n’uko izo ntwaro zihari ndetse n’ubushake bw’interahamwe bwo kwica.
Dallaire na Booh Booh bahuye na Perezida Habyarimana uwo munsi bamusaba guhagarika ibikorwa byose byo guhungabanya umutekano. Bahuye kandi n’abayobozi ba MRND uwo munsi, ariko nta kintu gifatika cyakozwe n’izo nzego zose, uhereye ku Mukuru w’Igihugu ubwe.
Kuri iyi tariki, Ambasaderi w’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda, Jean Michel Marlaud, yoherereje Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga telegaramu yerekeranye n’ibibera mu Rwanda, aho yasobanuye ko yakiriye amakuru yizewe kandi y’ibanga aturutse ahantu hizewe kandi afitiye ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho byemeza ko hariho umugambi w’ubwicanyi buzakwira mu Gihugu hose. Ambasaderi Marlaud yasobanuye ko hazabanza kubaho ubushotoranyi bwibasira ingabo za FPR ziri i Kigali kugira ngo zirwaneho, bityo haboneke urwitwazo rwo gutsemba Abatutsi uhereye ku bo mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Ambasaderi Marlaud yongeyeho ko abasirikare bo mu Rwanda bateguye iyi gahunda bateganyaga gukorana n’Interahamwe 1.700 ziri i Kigali zari zarahawe imyitozo n’intwaro zo kwica Abatutsi.
Ku wa 15 Mutarama 1994, ba Ambasaderi b’u Bubiligi, Ubufaransa na Leta zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika begereye Perezida Habyarimana bamusaba guhagarika imyiteguro ya Jenoside, ariko abatera utwatsi.
Ku wa 16 Mutarama 1994, MRND hamwe n’amashyaka ya MDR na PL yibumbiye muri Hutu Power, bakoze inama ikomeye kuri Stade Nyamirambo, batanga n’imbunda banashishikariza gutangira kwica Abatutsi.
Ku wa 19 Mutarama 1994, Minisitiri w’Intebe Agathe Uwilingiyimana yoherereje abaminisitiri ba MRND ibaruwa ishinja Minisitiri w’ingabo, Augustin Bizimana kuba yarahaye abaturage intwaro.
Ku wa 17 Gashyantare 1994, Perezida Habyarimana yayoboye inama y’abayobozi bakuru ba Jandarumori y’Igihugu yayoborwaga na Jenerali Augustin Ndindiriyimana aganira na bo.
Bimwe mu byo yabaganirije ni iburizwamo rya gahunda y’ishyirwaho inzego z’inzibacyuho zihuriweho na FPR zateganijwe n’Amasezerano y’Amahoro ya Arusha ndetse ababwira ko intambara izasubukurwa. Habyarimana yababuriye muri aya magambo: “Niba FPR yubuye imirwano, dufite gahunda yo kwikiza ibyitso byayo”.
Muri aya magambo, Jenoside yatangajwe mu buryo butaziguye, kwica Abatutsi yari gahunda ya Leta, yemerera abajandarume basanzwe bashinzwe umutekano, kwica Abatutsi bakimara guhabwa itegeko ryo gutangira kubikora.
Ku wa 18 Gashyantare 1994, ubuyobozi bukuru bw’ubutasi bw’Ubufaransa (DGSE) bwakoze inyandiko y’ibanga ivuga ko habayeho ubwicanyi bushingiye ku bwoko bwahitanye ubuzima bw’abantu barenga 300 babaruwe mu byumweru byabanje, bishwe n’Ingabo z’u Rwanda n’Interahamwe, bigizwemo uruhare n’abayobozi b’inzego z’ibanze.
Muri iyi nyandiko, ubutasi bw’u Bufaransa (DGSE) bugaragaza ko ubwo bwicanyi bwakozwe mu rwgo rw’umugambi wo gutsemba Abatutsi. Bwanzuye bugira buti, “Ni kimwe mu bikorwa biri mu mugambi wo kurimbura ubwoko bw’Abatutsi”.
Bukeye bwaho, ku wa 19 Gashyantare 1994, Jenerali Christian Quesnot, Umujyanama wihariye wa Perezida Mitterrand mu bikorwa bya gisirikari, ndetse na Dominique Pin, wuri ku mwanya wa kabiri mu buyobozi bw’ishami rishinzwe Afurika muri Perezidansi y’Ubufaransa (Elysée), bagaragarije Perezida Mitterrand amahitamo abiri y’ingenzi yerekeye Rwanda.
Aya mbere, bamubwiye ko byaba ngombwa gucyura abenegihugu b’Ubufaransa bari mu Rwanda no guhagarika Operasiyo Noroit, ariko kandi Quesnot na Pin bagaragariza Perezida Mitterrand ko Operasiyo Noroit ifite inenge. Bati “Ni ukunanirwa kwacu na politiki yacu mu Rwanda. Icyizere cyacu kuri uyu mugabane kizahahungabanira”.
Amahitamo ya kabiri ashingiye mu mitekerereze ya Dominique Pin, wabonaga ko Kigali ishobora gufatwa na FPR, bityo akavuga ko mu gihe ubwicanyi bushingiye ku bwoko bwakaza umurego, u Bufaransa bugomba kongera ingufu mu gushyigikira ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana kugira ngo FPR idafata Kigali.
Ikigaragara muri iyi nyandiko ni uko abategetsi b’Abafaransa bazi ko ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana bwatekerezaga gukora Jenoside, ariko bagakomeza kubushyigikira batitaye ku mahano buri gutegura.
Ibi bimenyetso byose byerekana neza ko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ari umugambi wateguwe neza n’ubutegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana.
Ku wa 20 Gashyantare 1994, Umugaba Mukuru w’ingabo z’u Rwanda, Jenerali Nsabimana Deogratias, yeretse mubyara we Birara Jean Berchmans, wigeze kuba Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda, urutonde rw’Abatutsi 1.500 bagombaga kwicwa.
Mu kinyamakuru cyo mu Bubiligi cyo ku ya 24 Gicurasi 1994, Birara yatangaje ko ayo makuru yayasangije intumwa z’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi zoherejwe mu Rwanda, ayaha kandi by’umwihariko Ambasade y’u Bubiligi.
Ku ruhande rwayo, raporo ya Sena y’Ububiligi yakozwe mu mu 1997 igaragaza ko uwari ambasaderi w’u Bubiligi mu Rwanda icyo gihe, Johann Swinnen, yemeje ayo makuru ubwo yabazwaga na Sena y’u Bubigili.
Raporo za ambasade z’ibihugu by’amahanga zari mu Rwanda mu 1994 zerekana uruhurirane rw’ibikorwa byinshi byakozwe muri Werurwe 1994 byo gushishikariza abaturage gukora Jenoside.
Urugero, ni ubutumwa bwo ku wa 1 Werurwe 1994 Ambasaderi w’Ububiligi mu Rwanda, Johann SWINNEN yoherereje abategetsi b’Ububiligi abamenyesha ko RTLM iri gutambutsa “amatangazo ya rutwitsi abiba urwango, yewe anakangurira kurimbura igice kimwe cy’abaturage”.
Inyandiko yaturutse mu nzego z’ubutasi z’Ababiligi yo ku ya 2 Werurwe 1994 yerekanye nanone ko umuntu wo muri MRND yahishuriye abategetsi b’Ububiligi ko MRND yateguye umugambi wo gutsemba Abatutsi bose bo muri Kigali mu gihe FPR yaramuka itangije imirwano.
Uwatanze amakuru yagize ati “Ibintu nibitagenda neza, Abahutu bazica Abatutsi nta mpuhwe,” akomeza agira ati, “Irondakarere ntirikibaho kandi n’ingabo ntabwo zigeze zigira umuhate uri ku rwego rwo hejuru nk’ubu.” Ibi bikerekana ko ingabo zari ziteguye gukora Jenoside.
Ku wa 3 Werurwe 1994, Majoro Podevijn w’Umubiligi wo mu ngabo za MINUAR yamenyesheje Dallaire ko hatanzwe intwaro ku mitwe yitwara gisirikari mu gace ka Gikondo kari kiganjemo abarwanashyaka ba CDR.
Ku wa 10 Werurwe, MINUAR yavumbuye intwaro nyinshi ziremereye zagenewe ingabo z’u Rwanda, inabona amakuru ku bwiyongere bw’Interahamwe n’abasirikari.
Dallaire yasabye Umuryango w’Abibumbye urundi uruhushya rwo gufatira izo ntwaro kandi asaba ko ingabo za MINUAR zongererwa imbaraga; ariko ubusabe bwe ntibwemerwa nk’uko byari byaragenze muri Mutarama 1994.
Muri uku kwezi kwa Werurwe 1994 ni bwo Félicien Kabuga yatumije imipanga ya nyuma muri sosiyete yo mu Bwongereza ya Chillington. Nyuma y’ibyumweru bike, iyo mipanga yabaye ibikoresho byifashishijwe mu gukora jenoside.
MINUAR yavuze ko muri Werurwe 1994, amasasu menshi yakuwe mu ibanga mu bubiko bw’intwaro mu Kigo cya Gisirikare cya Kanombe akwirakwizwa mu bigo bya gisirikari by’imbere mu Gihugu, cyane cyane mu cya Gitarama, MINUAR itabizi. Uku gukwirakwiza intwaro kwari kugamije gutegura intambara, guhagarika Amasezerano y’Amahoro ya Arusha ndetse no gukwirakwiza intwaro zo kwifashisha mu gukora Jenoside.
Umusirikare wari ufite ipeti rya adjudant w’Umubiligi Benoit Daubie, wari ushinzwe kubungabunga intwaro mu Kigo cya Gisirikare cya Kanombe, yatanze ubuhamya imbere y’umugenzuzi w’ingabo z’Ububiligi muri aya magambo:
“Nabashaga kugera ahabikwaga amasasu i Kanombe mbere y’ihanurwa ry’indege (…) Igice kinini cy’ububiko muri Werurwe 1993 cyari cyaramazwemo amasasu. Umubare w’amasasu yakuwemo wari munini cyane. Natanga urugero ku makompora 1.000 araswa n’imbunda zo mu bwoko bwa 120 mm yoherejwe i Gitarama.”
“Mu bubiko amasasu yasigayemo ni nka 20%. Ibi byabaye habura nk’ukwezi ngo indege ya Habyarimana ihanurwe, kandi gutwara ibyo bisasu byakozwe mu gihe cy’icyumweru cyose.”
“Umuliyetona wo mu ngabo za FAR yambwiye ko ibyo byakozwe mu rwego rwo kwitegura igitero cya FPR, ariko ku giti cyanjye ntekereza ko iki gikorwa cyakozwe rwihishwa mu rwego rwo gukwepa abagenzuzi b’Umuryango w’Abibumbye.”
“Nzi ko imibare yatanzwe n’abakozi bakuru ba FAR mu Muryango w’Abibumbye yari ibinyoma kuko itatangaga amakuru ku ntwaro zakwirakwizwaga muri rubanda. Ibi bigaragazwa n’ububiko bwasaga n’ubusigayemo ubusa. Amasasu menshi yatwarwaga mu ijoro, nabibwiwe n’umusirikari w’Umudage.”
Guhisha intwaro MINUAR bwari uburyo bwo kugira ngo idashobora kuzigenzura, ntimenye ingabo zazo, bityo bizorohere ingabo z’u Rwanda kuzikoresha igihe Jenoside izaba itangiye.
Ku wa 29 Werurwe 1994, abayobozi b’ingabo mu ngabo z’u Rwanda bongeye guhura maze bagena ingamba zo “kurengera uduce twa Kigali [no] gukurikirana no kuburizamo imigambi y’ibyitso mu mirenge itandukanye y’umujyi.”
Muri raporo y’iyi nama yari igenewe Minisitiri w’Ingabo n’Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo, hemejwe ko abasirikare n’inkeragutabara zimwe na zimwe bazaba bashinzwe gutanga imyitozo ku baturage ku bufatanye bwa hafi n’ubuyobozi.
Raporo yagaragaje ko Minisitiri w’Umutekano ndetse n’uw’Ingabo bagomba guhita bakusanya intwaro bakaziha abasivili bazakora icyo gikorwa. Umuyobozi w’Ingabo mu Mujyi wa Kigali yamenyesheje abitabiriye inama ko mu duce hafi ya twose tw’Umujyi amatsinda yo gushyira mu bikorwa uwo mugambi yamaze gukorwa, ko ayo matsinda ategereje gusa intwaro n’ibikoresho byihuse.
Icyakora, muri iyi nama hagaragajwe imbogamizi zo kuba intwaro zidahagije – iki kibazo kikaza cyiyongera ku kuba hakenewe imyitozo yindi y’abasivili, – ndetse n’ibibazo bifitanye isano no gukoresha intwaro gakondo zitari zihagije (inkota, amacumu, imiheto, imipanga n’ibyuma).
Umuyobozi w’Ingabo mu Mujyi wa Kigali yahise ategekwa gukora byihutirwa urutonde rw’abasirikare batari mu kigo. Perefe w’Umujyi wa Kigali, Koloneli Tharcisse Renzaho, na we yategetswe kubikora ku nkeragutabara, ndetse no gutanga amakuru ku baturage bakwiye kugirirwa icyizere.
Bukeye bwaho, perefe yoherereje umugaba mukuru w’ingabo urutonde rw’amazina menshi y’abasirikare n’abasivili bashobora kwinjizwa mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uwo mugambi. Urutonde rwagaragazaga izina, selile, segiteri na komini ya buri wese mu batoranyijwe.
Ku wa 5 Gicurasi 1994, Lieutenant Colonel Beaudouin Jacques-Albert wari umufatanyabikorwa mu bya tekinike w’Ububiligi mu Rwanda mu gihe cya Jenoside akaba umujyanama wa Jenerali Gratien Kabiligi wayoboraga ishami rya G3 rishinzwe ibikoresho by’ingabo z’u Rwanda mu biro by’Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo za FAR, yabajijwe n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikari bw’Ububiligi, mu iperereza bwakoraga ku iyicwa ry’abasirikari b’Ababiligi icumi biciwe mu Rwanda bari mu butumwa bw’amahoro bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye. Yatangaje ko Minisitiri w’Ingabo w’u Rwanda yeruye mu ruhame atangaza ko hazabaho Jenoside FPR nidahagarika intambara:
Ati, “Hasigaye ukwezi kumwe cyangwa abiri mbere y’ihanurwa ry’indege, ku mugoroba nagiye mu rugo kwa Jenerali Nsabimana, ndi kumwe na Ambasaderi w’Ububiligi, Coloneli Vincent, Coloneli Marshal (MINUAR), Colonel Le Roy, Perezida Habyarimana, Augustin Bizimana (MINADEF) n’abandi ba-ofisiye bake b’Abanyarwanda.”
“Mu by’ukuri, byagaragaye ko cyangwa se byongeye gushimangirwa ko ARUSHA idashobora kwemerwa n’Abanyarwanda. Nyuma yo kunywa ibirahuri bike bya champagne, Minisitiri Bizimana yambwiye ko yiteguye gukoresha ingabo z’u Rwanda niba FPR itaretse gukina umukino. Iminsi icumi mbere y’ihanurwa ry’indege, ku wa Gatanu wa nyuma wa Werurwe, Koloneli Vincent [Umuyobozi w’Ubufatanye bw’ingabo z’Ababiligi mu Rwanda] yatumiye iwe Jenerali Nsabimana n’Umuyobozi wa G3 Colonel Kabiligi, n’uko muri iyi nama, bongera kwemeza neza ko Arusha idashoboka, ko amaherezo bazemera amatora hakiri kare kandi ko mu gihe byaba ngombwa ko ARUSHA iba itegeko, ko biteguye kuzakuraho FPR no kwica Abatutsi kandi ko bizatwara iminsi itarenze 15. Basaga n’abiyizeye.”
Icyegeranyo cy’ibi bimenyetso byose cyerekana ko Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994, mu byukuri yatangiye mu Kwakira 1990 igenda ishyirwa mu bikorwa buhoro buhoro, iyobowe na Perezida Habyarimana mu buryo butaziguye, kandi ko iyi Jenoside yateguwe neza na Jenerali Habyarimana kugeza umugambi wayo nyirizina ushyizwe mu bikorwa mu 1994.
Umugambi wa Jenoside wemejwe na Minisitiri w’Intebe Jean Kambanda ubwo yemeraga icyaha imbere y’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, agira ati, “Mu Rwanda habayeho umugambi wo kugaba ibitero byapanzwe neza bigamije kwibasira Abatutsi, mu mugambi wo gutsemba abagize ubwo bwoko.”
Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana wayoboye hagati y’itariki ya 5 Nyakanga 1973 na 6 Mata 1994, n’ubwo yapfuye ku mugoroba wo ku ya 6 Mata 1994 ubwo indege ye yahanurwaga bikozwe n’intagondwa zo mu butegetsi bwe zari mu Kigo cya Gisirikare cya Kanombe, mbere y’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryuzuye ry’uyu mugambi, ni we uri ku isonga mu kuwutegura nk’Umukuru w’Igihugu.
Uwamusimbuye Dr. Théodore Sindikubwabo, umujyanama we Jean Kambanda hamwe n’abajenosideri benshi nka Koloneli Bagosora, ndetse n’abandi bicanyi benshi bahamwe n’ibyaha mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, ni bo bashyize mu bikorwa umugambi wa Jenoside wacuzwe Perezida Habyarimana ubwe akiriho n’itsinda rye, ugashyirwa mu bikorwa mu buryo bwuzuye nyuma y’urupfu rwe, rwateguwe na bo kugeza bamwivuganye.
Mu gihe twitegura kwibuka ku nshuro ya 30 Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, reka twibuke inzirakarengane zazize Jenoside duharanira ko Jenoside itazongera kubaho ukundi, kandi ibyo ntibibe mu magambo gusa ahubwo bikaba impamo, kugira ngo ubumwe bwacu dukomeze tubusigasire.
Indi nkuru bifitanye isano ya hafi: https://rushyashya.net/turebere-hamwe-uruhare-rwizahoze-ari-ingabo-zu-rwanda-mu-itegurwa-rya-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi/
Yanditswe na Dr Bizimana Jean Damascène
