Repubulika iharanira demukarasi ya kongo ni gihugu giherereye muri afurika yo hagati, kikaba icya kabiri mu buso muri Afurika kikanaba icya 11 ku isi. RDC aho gifite kilometero kare 2,345,095 . DRC ituwe n’abaturage miliyoni ijana n’icyenda kikaba ari cyo gihugu gituwe kurusha ibindi mu bikoresha ururimi rw igifaransa. Umurwa mukuru wa Repubulika iharanira demukarasi ya kongo witwa Kinshasa ari nawo mutima w` ubukungu n`inzego nkuru z`ubutegetsi.
DRC ihana imbibe n`ibihugu ari byo Repubulika ya congo bita Brazzaville, repubulika ya satarafurika, Sudani yepfo, Uganda, u Rwanda, u Burundi, Tanzania Zambia na Angola ikanakora ku Nyanja ngari ya Atlantike.
Repubilika iharanira demukarasi ya Kongo ni igihugu gikungahaye bihebuje kumutungo kamere wo munsi y`ubutaka, nk,`amabuye y`agaciro arimo zahabu, diyama, coltan, uranium , cobalt, manganese n`ayandi menshi ndetse no hejuru y`ubutaka birimo ibiti bivamo imbaho zihenze nka ribuyu n izindi, ubutaka bwera n` ubundi bukungu tutarondora muri iki cyegeranyo.
Kuva Umwami w’u Bubiligi, Léopold II yakwima ingoma mu 1865, yahoranaga intimba ku mutima yaterwaga no kuyobora igihugu gito kandi kigendera ku Itegeko Nshinga, bikajyana no kwibona nk’umukene kuko atagiraga umutungo ufatika, bigatuma yireba akiburira agaciro, nubwo yari atangiye urugendo rwo kuba Umwami wa kabiri w’u Bubiligi
Ku myaka 30, Léopold II yari afite icyizere cyo kuzahindura ibintu ndetse yari yaramaze gutegura gahunda y’ibikorwa, yari ikubiyemo gushaka igice cy’Isi u Bubiligi buzakoloniza, akagikoresha mu nyungu ze bwite bityo akagira ubutunzi buherekejwe n’imbaraga. Ibi yari yarabyigiye ku bindi bihugu byakoronije, birimo u Bufaransa n’u Bwongereza byari hafi aho mu Burayi kandi byarakoronije ibice binini by’Isi.
Kuva mu kinyejana cya 15, byari bizwi ko Ubwami bwa Congo bufite umutungo kamere wari ugezweho muri ibyo bihe urimo amahembe y’inzovu n’ibindi bitandukanye ndetse ibi ni imwe mu mpamvu Stanley yinjiye imbere mu mashyamba ya Congo, aho yagendaga arwana inkundura mu guhangana n’amoko ataramuhaga ikaze, urugendo rwe rugakorwa rukurikira Umugezi wa Congo.
Ni uko ishyirahamwe rya ‘International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Central Africa’ ryavutse, aho ryagombaga guhuza ibikorwa by’ibihugu byose bikoloniza Afurika, hakabaho gusangira amakuru no gukorera hamwe hirindwa amakimbirane.
Gusubiranamo kw’Abanyaburayi muri Afurika kwatumye Otto von Bismarck wayoboraga u Budage atumiza Inama izwi nka ‘Berlin Conference’ yari igamije kugabana neza Afurika, Léopold II wari mu bashyitsi b’imena ayikoresha asaba ko yahabwa uburenganzira bwo kugenzura Congo, aho yavugaga ko yifuza gukorerayo ibikorwa by’ubugiraneza bigamije guhindura imibereho y’Abanyafurika, ikamera nk’iy’Abanyaburayi aho Umwami Leopold II yagabanye Congo nk umutungo we bwite agakoresha abanyekongo imirimo y agahato mu mirima y ipamba aho abanebwaga abenshi banaciwe ibiganza.
Ivuka ry’Abavuga Ikinyarwanda muri Congo
Na mbere y’uko Abanyarwanda bajyanwa n’Ababiligi, mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo hari hasanzwe abaturage kavukire ariko bavuga Ikinyarwanda, batangiranye n’icyo gihugu kuva cyabaho.
Abanyamulenge bari mu bavuga Ikinyarwanda bageze mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo mbere, ahagana mu kinyejana cya 17. Aba bajyagayo bakurikiye ubwatsi bwiza bw’inka zabo, basangayo abandi kavukire bavuga Ikinyarwanda, babana na bo.
Mu Nama ya Berlin yo mu 1884 na 1885, ibihugu by’i Burayi byari byarigaruriye Afurika byemeranyije ku mipaka mishya yagombaga kugenga ibihugu bagenzura, nyuma y’uko bari bamaze igihe bapfa ubutaka kuri uyu Mugabane bari bakolonije.
Uburyo imipaka yaciwe bishingiye ku buryo karemano nko gushingira ku biyaga n’imigezi, imisozi n’ibibaya n’ibindi bitandukanye. U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu byahombeye bikomeye muri iri gabana kuko ibice rwari rufite mbere y’iyo Nama byagabanyijwe cyane.
Ku ruhande rwa Congo, u Rwanda rwatakaje ibice bya Goma, Masisi, Rutshuru, Idjwi mu gihe Mbarara na za Kisoro natwo twagiye kuri Uganda. Ibi byakozwe kuko u Budage bwari bwarakolonije u Rwanda, butifuzaga kugira imbaraga muri Afurika bityo u Bubiligi bwakolonije Congo n’u Bwongereza bwakoronije Uganda bigahabwa ubutaka mu buryo bworoshye.
Mu gihe inkubiri yo gushaka ubwigenge bwa Afurika yatangiraga gukaza umurego ahagana mu 1960, Ababiligi babonye neza ko umubare munini w’Abanyarwanda bimuriye muri Congo ushobora kuzateza ibibazo, bityo bategura Inama yiswe ‘Table ronde de Bruxelles ’ yemerejwemo ko abantu bose bari muri Congo ibona ubwigenge (ku itariki ya 30 Kamena 1960) bafite ubwenegihugu bwayo. Iki cyemezo cyatumye n’Abanyarwanda bari barahunze ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi bakorerwaga mu 1959, bahita babona ubwenegihugu.
Muri rusange, abaturage ba Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda bagize 5% by’abatuye icyo gihugu bose. Abo baturage bagize ikizwi nka ‘Rwandophone’ kuko bakoresha Ikinyarwanda, ariko bakaba Abanye-Congo. Aba Banyarwanda batujwe mu bice bya Masisi (Gishari, Mokoto, Muvunyi, Bigiri na Bafuna) na Rutshuru (Mushari na Bwito).
Barimo ibyiciro by’ingenzi bigizwe n’Abanyabwisha baboneka cyane muri Teritwari ya Rutshuru n’Akace ka Jomba muri Kivu ya Ruguru. Muri utu duce kandi haboneka Abahutu n’Abatutsi, ibindi byiciro by’Abavuga Ikinyarwanda. Muri ibi bice, higanje Abahutu cyane.
Ikindi cyiciro ni icy’Abavuga Ikinyarwanda batuye muri Teritwari ya Masisi n’Umujyi wa Goma muri Kivu ya Ruguru ndetse na Teritwari ya Kalehe muri Kivu y’Epfo, ahiganje Abatutsi.
Hari kandi Ikirwa cya Idjwi na cyo gituyeho abavuga IKinyarwanda mu gihe Abanyamulenge bari bamaze kuganza andi moko, ariko yasize urwikekwe n’urwango rwakomeje gututumba na nyuma yaho.
Nyuma y’ubwigenge, umwuka wakomeje kuba mubi hagati y’abaturage ba Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda n’abatakivuga, babashinjaga kubatwara amasambu yabo nubwo bari barayahawe n’Ababiligi.
Mu matora y’abadepite mu 1964, abanyepolitiki bagerageje kuririra kuri urwo rwango, bavuga ko Abanye-Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda batujuje ibyangombwa bityo ko badakwiriye gutora no gutorwa. Ibi byatumye abifuzaga kwiyamamaza bimwa ayo mahirwe. Iri hohoterwa bakorerwaga ryabateye umujinya, bituma binjira mu 1964 binjira mu Ntambara ya Kanyarwanda yari igamije kwirwanaho.
Mu 1965, Mobutu Sese Seko yafashe ubutegetsi, atangaza ko politiki y’amoko ikwiriye gushyirwaho iherezo, buri muturage wese uri muri Congo ntagire urwikekwe rwo kwitwa umunyamahanga, cyangwa ngo hagire uwumva ko ubwoko bwe buruta ubw’abandi. Ibi byatumye Intambara ya Kanyarwanda ihagarikwa, ariko urwikekwe hagati y’Abavuga Ikinyarwanda n’abandi baturage ba Congo rukomeza kubaho.
Icyakora muri rusange ibi byahaye Abavuga Ikinyarwanda agahenge, bamwe muri bo nka Bisengimana Rwema Barthélemy bagira imyanya i Mobutu yazuye akaboze
Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1980, ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu bwatangiye kugaragaza ibimenyetso byo gucika intege, bityo na politiki ze zitangira gucika amazi.
Ubwo Mobutu yageraga ku butegetsi, Congo yari igihugu cya kabiri gifite inganda nyinshi ku Mugabane wa Afurika, inyuma ya Afurika y’Epfo. Nyamara mu 1979, ubushobozi bw’abaturage bwo guhaha bwaragabanutse cyane, bugera kuri 4% gusa ugereranyije n’uko bwanganaga mu 1960.komeye kuko yakuriye Ibiro bya Perezida Mobutu mu gihe cy’imyaka 10.
Mu 1970, nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko ’Making use of the past: The Rwandophone question and the ‘Balkanisation of the Congo’ yakozwe na Lars-Christopher Huening, icyo gihe, Mobutu yashyizeho itegeko riha ubwenegihugu Abanye-Congo bose barimo Abanyarwanda n’Abarundi bageze muri icyo gihugu mbere ya 1950. Bivugwa ko iri tegeko ryagizwemo uruhare n’Umunyarwanda Barthélemy Bisengimana.
Mu Nama Nkuru y’Ubusugire, itegeko ry’uko abaturage ba Congo ari abageze muri icyo gihugu mbere ya 1960 ryakuweho, hashyirwaho iry’uko abo baturage bagomba kuba barageze muri Congo mbere ya 1885.
Habyarimana yakurikiranye impunzi zo mu 1959
Muri aka kavuyo kose, Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana yari afite ikibazo gikomeye cy’uko Abanyarwanda bari barahunze mu 1959 na 1973 bashobora kuzamuteza ibibazo, kuko bari barafatishije ubuzima, abana babo barize neza, abandi barabaye abacuruzi mbega ubona ko bisanze mu gihugu bakiteza imbere.
Ubu bwoba nibwo bwatumye Leta ye, cyane cyane inzego z’ubutasi, zitangira gushaka ubufatanye n’abayobozi b’Abahutu muri Kivu ya Ruguru n’Epfo, bagenda babahuza kugeza ubwo bashinze icyiswe Mutual Association of the Agriculturalists of the Virunga (Magrivi), ryari Ishyirahamwe ry’Abahutu bavuga Ikinyarwanda.
Intego nyamukuru ya Magrivi yari ukwigisha abo bahutu kwanga Abatutsi, inyigisho zakujijwe cyane zikagera no ku baturage b’andi moko ari muri Congo, menshi ugasanga ari kwifatanya n’Abahutu mu guhohotera Abatutsi.
Ibi byatumye amoko atari ay’abavuga Ikinyarwanda nk’Aba-Manyanga b’i Walikare, Aba-Bahunde b’i Masisi n’Aba-Bandande ba za Rutshuro, Butembe, Lubero na Beni bose bagenda bijandika mu bikorwa byo guhohotera Abatutsi.
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, byahumiye ku mirari.
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, abayigizemo uruhare bahungiye muri Congo banagira uruhare mu kwica Abatutsi bari muri icyo gihugu.
Mu 1994, hashyizweho Komisiyo yihariye y’abadepite yari igamije kureba ingaruka impunzi z’Abahutu zagize ku baturage gakondo ba Congo n’inkomoko nyayo y’Abanyarwanda batuye Congo Zaïre y’icyo gihe.
Iyi Komisiyo yitiriwe Vangu Mambueni wari uyiyoboye, yanzuye ko Aba-Rwandaphones bose atari Abanye-Congo, ahubwo ko ari abanyamahanga bakwiriye kwirukanwa. Yewe n’Abanyamulenge bamaze imyaka irenga amagana ku butaka bwa Congo, babwiwe ko ari abanyamahanga bigize abenegihugu ku ngufu.
Muri Kanama 1995, Leta ya Zaïre yirukanye abaturage barenga ibihumbi 15 ivuga ko ari Abanyarwanda n’abasigaye ibateguza kuzinga utwangushye. Iri hohoterwa ryose, kongeraho ubwicanyi bakorewe kuva mu 1990, byatumye Aba-Rwandophone bagira uruhare mu kurema umutwe wa AFDL, warwanyije ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu kugera ubuhiritse.
Iyi ni imwe mu mpamvu zatumye havuka umutwe wa AFDL iyoborwa na Desire Kabila, ari nayo yaje kugira uruhare mu gukuraho ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu.
Amavu n’amavuko ya M23 n’impamvu irwana
Nyuma y’uko Laurent-Désiré Kabila agereye ku butegetsi, yatangiye kwikanga Aba-Rwandophone dore ko n’imbere mu gihugu yashinjwaga kuba igikoresho cyabo, bituma atangira kubagambanira ndetse no gukorana n’ingabo zahoze ari iza Ex-Far zagize uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 kugira ngo zizamufashe kubahashya, mu gihe byari kuba ngombwa.
Muri rusange, Kabila yakusanyije abahoze mu ngabo za Habyarimana barenga ibihumbi 20, bafite umugambi wo gutera u Rwanda no gukomeza kubangamira Aba Rwandophone, ari na byo byarakaje u Rwanda, rutangiza intambara yiswe iya Congo ya Kabiri.
Ubugambanyi bwa Kabila bwatumye abari abasirikare ba AFDL bamugejeje ku butegetsi basubira mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo barema undi mutwe wiswe RCD-Goma yari iyobowe na Azalias Ruberwa, wahise ufata Umujyi wa Goma na Bukavu rugikubita.
Ibi byatumye Leta ya Kabila yemera kujya mu masezerano yagombaga gushyira iherezo ku bikorwa by’ihohoterwa rikorerwa Abavuga Ikinyarwanda mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo. Byari ku nshuro ya mbere Leta ya Congo igiye mu mishyikirano n’umutwe uharanira inyungu z’Aba-Rwandophones.
Aya masezerano ariko ntabwo yashyizwe mu bikorwa, ari na byo byatumye mu 2004 havuka undi mutwe uzwi nka CNDP uyobowe na Laurant Nkunda, wari ufite intego imwe na RCD-Goma yo kurengera Aba-Rwandophone bari bakomeje kwamburwa uburenganzira bwabo.
Leta ya Congo yongeye kwinjira mu masezerano na CNDP mu ku itariki ya 23 Werurwe 2009, ariko ibyaganiriweho ntibyashyirwa mu bikorwa kuko ihohoterwa rikorerwa Aba-Rwandophone ryakomeje kwiyongera.
Iby’aya masezerano ntibyashyizwe mu bikorwa, bituma mu 2012 havuka M23, nayo iza ivuga ko iharanira uburenganzira bw’abakoresha Ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo, no guharanira ko ibyasinywe mu 2009 byubahirizwa.
Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 2012, M23 yarwanye inkundura n’ingabo za Congo, ndetse Ku ya 20 Ugushyingo 2012, yari yamaze kwigarurira Umujyi wa Goma ufatwa nk’Umurwa Mukuru wa Kivu y’Amajyaruguru.
Hakomeje igitutu cy’amahanga hasabwa ko haba ibiganiro impande zombi zigashaka igisubizo giturutse ku mahoro. Ku rundi ruhande, ingabo za Congo niko zari ziri gushaka amaboko ziza kongera kwigarurira Umujyi wa Goma ku bufasha bw’ingabo za Loni gusa ibiganiro byarakomeje. Ibi biganiro byasojwe muri Gicurasi 2013 hemezwa ko M23 irambika intwaro hasi, abarwanyi bayo bagashyirwa mu ngabo za Congo abandi bagasubizwa mu buzima busanzwe, hanyuma M23 ikaba umutwe wa politiki.
Igice kimwe cya M23 nayo yasaga n’iyacitsemo ibice cyahungiye mu Rwanda, ikindi gihungira muri Uganda hategerejwe ko ibyo Leta ya Congo yemeye bishyirwa mu bikorwa.
Habaye inama zitandukanye zigamije gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe mu masezerano ya Nairobi yo mu 2013 ariko biba iby’ubusa, Leta ya Congo ikabigendamo biguruntege.
M23 ihora itangaza ko yagerageje kenshi kumvikana na Leta ya Felix Tshisekedi ku gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano ya Nairobi, biba iby’ubusa kuko Kinshasa yagaragaje ubushake buke bwa politiki.
Leta ya Congo ikomeje gushinja u Rwanda gushyigikira M23, ibyo u Rwanda ruhakana rwivuye inyuma. U Rwanda rushimangira ko ikibazo cya M23 ari ikibazo cy’imbere muri Congo gikwiye gukemurwa n’ubuyobozi bwa RDC butitwaje ururimi n’ubwenegihugu bw’abantu.
Ingaruka ni nyinshi nk’ubu Abantu barenga miliyoni 6 ni bo bamaze guhunga intambara mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo, Ubucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu bwakomwe mu nkokora, Abaturage bugarijwe n’inzara, uburwayi n’ubushomeri kubera umutekano muke.
Amahanga arasabwa gukomeza gusunika inzira y’ibiganiro aho gushyira imbere intambara. Umutekano mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo uzagerwaho ari uko uburenganzira bw’abantu bose bwubahirijwe, hakabaho politiki ihuza aho guheza bamwe ku ishingiro ry’amateka yabo cyangwa indimi bavuga.
Mu gusoza iki cyegeranyo, turizera ko bigaragara neza ko ikibazo cy`abanyekongo bavuga ikinyarwanda gifite imizi mu mateka ya cyera, kikaba gikeneye igisubizo cya politike, leta ya Congo ikagirana ibiganiro na M23, imitwe yitwaje intwaro irenga 200 ibarizwa m’uburasirazuba bwa RDC ikarwanywa, impunzi z’abanyekongo bavuga ikinyarwanda zahungiye mu bihugu bituranyi nka Uganda n’u Rwanda no mu mahanga ya kure zigataha iwabo kuko kwinangira kwa leta ya Tshisekedi nta kindi bizafasha leta ya Kinshasa usibye urusaku rw’amasasu,imiborogo,ubukene n’imivu y’amaraso.
Bryan Sewase
