Operation Turquoise ni igikorwa cya gisirikare cyatangijwe n’u Bufaransa kuwa 22 Kamena 1994, nyuma yo kwemezwa n’Umwanzuro wa Loni (United Nations Security Council Resolution) No. 929. Iki gikorwa cyatangajwe nk’igamije gutabara abaturage bari mu kaga mu gihe Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yari ikomeje guhitana ubuzima bwa benshi.
Nubwo byavugwaga ko ari igikorwa cya “humanitaire” (ubutabazi bw’abantu), uburyo cyakozwemo n’ingaruka cyagize ku gihugu bigaragaza ko cyagenze nabi pe, ndetse gishinjwa ko cyafashije abakoze Jenoside guhunga ubutabera no gukomeza umugambi wo gutsemba abatutsi, aho kubuza Jenoside gukomeza byarashobokaga.
“Zone Humanitaire Sûre” yahindutse ubuhungiro bw’abicanyi kubera ko Operation Turquoise ije gushyiraho “agace k’umutekano” (Zone Humanitaire Sûre) mu burengerazuba bw’u Rwanda cyane cyane mu cyari Cyangugu, Gikongoro na Kibuye. Icyo gice cyagombaga kuba icy’ubutabazi, ariko cyabaye ubuhungiro bw’interahamwe n’abahoze ari abasirikare ba FAR, baje gukomeza ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi cyangwa bakarindirwa inzira zo guhunga bajya muri Zaire (RDC) icyo twakwita safe corridors.
Barirengagije Jenoside irarimbanya uko babishaka kuko nubwo Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yari ikomeje ku mugaragaro, ingabo z’u Bufaransa zazamuye amaboko, zirinda kwivanga aho ubwicanyi bwaberaga. Hari aho zageze zibona imirambo cyangwa abari bagihigwa, ariko ntibagira icyo bakora kugira ngo ziburizemo Jenoside. Ahubwo hari n’abatangabuhamya bavuga ko babujije Inkotanyi gukomeza urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu, bityo Jenoside iraramba ntacyo yishisha kuko yari irinzwe
Operation Turquoise yashyigikiye mu buryo butaziguye abakoze Jenoside mu Rwanda yewe ntiyasiga n’abarundi bari mu nkambi nka Nyarushishi n’ahandi nabo bijanditse muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
Operation Turquoise yagiye ishyirwa mu majwi ku kuba yaratanze ubufasha bw’ubwirinzi, ibiribwa, ndetse n’ubundi bufasha ku barwanyi ba FAR n’interahamwe, aho kubafata nk’abakekwaho ibyaha bikomeye. Ibi byatumye babona umwanya uhagije wo guhunga berekeza muri Zaire, aho bakomeje guhuza ibikorwa by’impunzi zari ziganjemo interahamwe zikomeza no gutegura ibitero by’iterabwoba byakurikiyeho.
Kudatanga ubutabazi nyabwo ku batutsi barokotse Jenoside
Nubwo bavuga ko bari baje kurengera abasivili, ingabo za Operation Turquoise zananiwe gutanga ubufasha bufatika ku barokotse Jenoside. Abagore bafashwe ku ngufu, abana bari baratakaje imiryango, n’abandi bari bakeneye imfashanyo yihutirwa barirengagijwe, nk’uko bamwe mu barokotse babitangamo ubuhamya.
Gutinza ihagarikwa rya Jenoside yakorerwaga Abatutsi
Ingabo za RPA (Inkotanyi) zari zimaze kugera hafi yo gufata ibice byinshi by’igihugu, ariko Operation Turquoise yadindije intsinzi yazo kuko yari ikusanyirizo ry’abacengezi bari bakomeje guteza umutekano muke muri zone zitari iza Turquoise, iteza urujijo mu bayobozi mpuzamahanga, ndetse igaragara nk’ishaka kubuza Inkotanyi kubohora igihugu. Iki gikorwa cyazanye impaka ndende ku rwego mpuzamahanga ku ruhare rw’u Bufaransa mu mateka y’u Rwanda.
Umwanzuro wa Loni No. 929 wemeje iki gikorwa nk’igikorwa cy’ubutabazi (humanitarian intervention), ariko uko cyakozwe byerekanye ko cyaranzwe n’impanuka z’imiyoborere, guhitamo nabi ndetse no kwirengagiza ukuri. Aho gutabara abari barimo bicwa, Operation Turquoise yabaye igikoresho cya politiki cy’u Bufaransa, kinashinjwa kuba cyaragize uruhare mu gukingira ikibaba abakoze Jenoside.
Ubu, ni igikorwa gikomeje kugibwaho impaka mu mateka, aho abanyarwanda benshi bacyibaza niba nta ruhare Leta y’u Bufaransa yagize mu gutinza ihagarikwa rya Jenoside, ndetse no gufasha abayikoze guhunga.
Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yagaragaje kenshi uko iy’u Bufaransa yagize uruhare rukomeye mu itegurwa rya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuva mu 1990 n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo mu 1994.
Ibi byashimangiwe na Rapport ya Komisiyo yitiriwe Duclert yasohotse muri Werurwe 2021, yagaragaje ko u Bufaransa bwayoborwaga na François Mitterand bwagize uruhare mu gutera inkunga umugambi wo kurimbura Abatutsi n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jenoside.
Perezida Paul Kagame ubwo yashyikirizwaga iyi raporo yateguwe n’itsinda riyobowe na Prof Vincent Duclert muri Mata 2021, yatangaje ko Leta y’u Bufaransa yahaye inkunga iy’u Rwanda mu gihe yari izi neza umugambi wa jenoside wategurwaga.
Ati “Perezida Mitterrand n’abajyanama be ba hafi bari bazi ko jenoside yo kurimbura Abatutsi yategurwaga n’inshuti za Mitterrand, zari n’abajyanama be zo mu Rwanda. Nubwo yari abizi, yahisemo gukomeza gutera inkunga izo nshuti kuko ngo yumvaga ari ngombwa kugira ngo u Bufaransa bukomeze kurinda inyungu zabwo za politiki.”
Mu nkunga Leta y’u Bufaransa yahaye iy’u Rwanda yari iyobowe na Habyarimana Juvénal harimo kohereza intwaro i Kigali no kohereza ingabo mu Rwanda zo kurwanya abasirikare ba RPA bari mu rugamba rwo guhagarika jenoside, zitwikiriye umutaka w’ubutumwa bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, UNAMIR.
Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe umutekano tariki ya 8 Ugushyingo 1994 kashyiriyeho u Rwanda urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha, i Arusha muri Tanzania, rwari rufite inshingano yo kuburanisha abagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi n’abandi bagize uruhare mu byaha bibangamira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu kuva tariki ya 1 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1994.
Uru rukiko rwamenyekanye nka ICTR rwaburanishije abantu bagera kuri 93, rufunga imiryango tariki ya 31 Ukuboza 2015, inshingano yarwo ishyikirizwa urwego rwa Loni rwashyiriweho gukora imirimo y’insigarire y’inkiko mpanabyaha, IRMCT.
Hashingiwe ku mpapuro zo guta muri yombi abakekwaho uruhare muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi zashyizwe hanze n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bw’u Rwanda, bimwe mu bihugu birimo u Buholandi, Canada n’u Budage byohereje i Kigali Abanyarwanda bakekwaho uruhare muri jenoside.
U Bufaransa bwo hari Abanyarwanda bwahisemo kuburanisha barimo Dr Munyemana Sosthène, bwoherereje i La Haye muri IRMCT na Kabuga Félicien, ariko nta Mufaransa n’umwe; yaba uwahoze muri Leta ya Mitterrand cyangwa umusirikare bwigeze bukurikiranaho uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Uruhare rw’u Bufaransa mu mugambi wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi rwashimangiwe na Perezida Emmanuel Macron ubwo yari i Kigali muri Gicurasi 2021, avuga ko “bwimye amatwi amajwi y’ababuburiye” avuga ko leta yariho icyo gihe yagumye “ku ruhande rw’abajenosideri”.
Ntaho u Bufaransa bwahungira uruhare rwabwo
Prof. Rafaëlle Maison wigisha amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Paris-Saclay mu Bufaransa, mu kiganiro na Jeune Afrique, yagaragaje ko hari impamvu nyinshi zigaragaza uruhare igihugu cyabo cyagize muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Uyu munyamategeko yashimangiye ko mu gihe u Bufaransa bwari bukomeje guha Leta y’u Rwanda inkunga zirimo intwaro kuva mu 1990, hashingiwe ku masezerano y’ubufatanye mu bya gisirikare ibihugu byombi byari bifitanye, bwari buzi neza ko umugambi wa jenoside wategurwaga.
Yibukije ko ibiro bishinzwe umutekano wo hanze, DGSE (Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure), byigeze kwandikira ubuyobozi bw’u Bufaransa, bibumenyesha ko ibiri gukorerwa muri ‘Opération Turquoise’ byongereraga igihugu cyabo ibyago byo gufatwa nk’umufatanyabikorwa wa Leta y’abajenosideri.
Mu byo DGSE yashingiragaho harimo kuba abasirikare b’Abafaransa bari boherejwe muri iyi ‘opération’ bararwanyaga abasirikare ba RPA bari mu rugamba rwo guhagarika jenoside, kugira ngo badafata ibice byari bikigenzurwa na Leta yateguye ikanashyira mu bikorwa jenoside.
Prof. Rafaëlle yagize ati “Kohereza ingabo zo kugumishaho Leta uzi neza ko iri gukora jenoside, ntabwo mbona ko byatuma ubasha guhunga kwitwa umufatanyabikorwa.”
Nk’uko u Bufaransa bwari bwarabimenyesheje akanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano, icyari cyajyanye abasirikare babwo muri ‘Opération Turquoise’ cyari ugutabara Abatutsi bicwaga. Bakoze ibihabanye na byo, bajya ku ruhande rw’ingabo za Leta, mu gihe zatsindwaga, bazifasha guhungira muri Congo.
Kubera iki u Bufaransa butaryozwa uru ruhare?
Prof. Rafaëlle yavuze ko bigoye ko u Bufaransa bwaryozwa uruhare bwagize mu mugambi wa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi wabayeho mbere ya tariki ya 7 Mata 1994 kuko mu Ukuboza 1993 bwari bwaracyuye ingabo zabwo zabaga mu Rwanda hashingiwe ku bufatanye bw’ibihugu bibiri.
Uyu munyamategeko kandi yibukije ko ICTR yari ifite ububasha bwo kuburanisha abagize uruhare mu byaha byakozwe kuva tariki ya 1 Mutarama kugeza ku ya 31 Ukuboza 1994, nubwo u Rwanda rwo rwifuzaga ko uru rukiko rwaburanisha ibyakozwe kuva mu 1990 biganisha kuri jenoside.
Yavuze ko kuba ICTR itaraburanishije ibyaha byakozwe kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1993, byashingiye ku cyifuzo u Bufaransa bwagejeje mu kanama ka Loni gashinzwe umutekano mu 1994 kuko bwabonaga ko buzagongwa n’izi manza.
Yagize ati “Impaka zabereye mu kanama gashinzwe umutekano zatumye abantu babona ko u Bufaransa bwagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugena ubu bubasha bwo kuburanisha ibyaha byakozwe mu 1994 gusa, mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko bwabazwa ibikorwa byabwo mu Rwanda kuva mu Ukwakira 1990 kugeza mu Ukuboza 1993. Nyuma y’impaka zishyushye, umwanzuro wa 995 ushyiraho ICTR wemeje ubu busabe.”
Uyu munyamategeko yasobanuye ko amasezerano mpuzamahanga ya Geneva yo mu 1948 yashingiweho mu gushyiraho ICTR atahaga uru rukiko ububasha bwo kuburanisha ibihugu, ahubwo ko rwari rufite ubwo kuburanisha abantu ku giti cyabo n’abo mu butegetsi.
Yavuze ko ariko urukiko rwa Loni, ICJ, rwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ibihugu bifitanye amakimbirane, kandi rubaye rwemeje ko kimwe cyakoreye ikindi ibyaha, byakurikirwa n’ingaruka nyinshi zirimo gusana ibyangiritse, gusa ngo “Ntabwo urukiko rwasesa Leta cyangwa ngo ruyifatire ibihano bishingiye ku itegeko mpanabyaha.”
Ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda n’u Bufaransa, Prof Rafaëlle yagaragaje ko mu gihe ICJ yahamya u Bufaransa ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, na bwo bukabyemera, icyo bwasabwa ni ukuganira na Leta y’u Rwanda ku cyakorwa kigamije gusana ibyangiritse.
