Ahabonetse ibirombe by’amabuye y’agaciro ubuzima bw’abahatuye n’abahakorera buhinduka mu kanya gato, ariko Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo ibitse Cobalt nyinshi ku Isi, iri mu bihugu bikennye cyane. Abasesenguzi mu bukungu bemeza ko ibibazo by’umutekano, intambara, n’ubukene biriyo ntaho bihuriye n’umutungo kamere iki gihugu gitunze, ahubwo bikomoka ku miyoborere mibi.
Kuri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, bashimangira ko ikibazo cy’umutekano muke uhamaze imyaka myinshi kidafite aho gihuriye n’amabuye y’agaciro; cyane ko nta gihe atabayeyo kuva Isi yaremwa, ariko imvururu zihari zikaba zitarahahoze.
Abayobozi ba Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo ntibasiba kuvugira ku karubanda ko umutungo kamere uri mu Burasirazuba bw’igihugu cyabo ari wo muzi w’imvururu zihamaze imyaka isaga 30.
Kenshi bashinje ibihugu by’abaturanyi, cyane cyane u Rwanda na Uganda, kugira uruhare muri izo mvururu hagamijwe “gusahura” umutungo kamere uhari.
Ni ibintu ibyo bihugu byombi bihakana byivuye inyuma, bigashimangira ko imvururu zishingiye ku bibazo bya politiki biri hagati y’Abanye-Congo ubwabo, kandi igisubizo kirambye mu kuzihosha ari bo bagifite mu biganza.
Mu ntambara y’ubukungu bwimakaza ingufu zitangiza ibidukikije (clean energy) ikomeje gufata indi ntera hagati y’ibihugu by’ibihangange ku Isi, amabuye y’agaciro arimo lithium, Cobalt, Nickel na Copper arushaho gukenerwa cyane.
Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko ari yo yifashishwa mu ikorwa rya batiri z’imodoka zikoresha amasharazi, no mu ikorwa ry’ingufu zisubira (renewable energy).
Izi modoka ni zo Isi yose ihanze amaso mu guhangana n’ikibazo cy’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku ikoreshwa rya lisansi na mazutu.
Sosiyete y’Abanyamerika, McKinsey & Company, igaragagaza ko mu 2025 Lithium izaba ikererwa ku rugero rwa 76% na ho Cobalt yo igakenerwa ku rugero rwa 53% mu ikorwa rya batiri.
Uretse kwifashishwa mu ikorwa ry’izo modoka, Cobalt inakenerwa cyane mu ikorwa rya telefoni zigezweho (smartphones), tablets, na mudasobwa (laptops).
Imibare igaragaza ko hejuru ya 70% ya Cobalt iboneka ku isoko mu Isi yose, ituruka muri RDC. Irahacukurwa gusa, ikoherezwa mu Bushinwa, igatunganyirizwayo kugira ngo igere ku isoko inoze.
Mu 2022, RDC yaturutsemo 73% ya Cobalt yacurujwe ku Isi. RDC kandi yihariye toni miliyoni 6 muri toni miliyoni 11 za Cobalt byabarwaga ko itaracukurwa ku Isi yose mu 2023.
Ziyongeraho toni miliyoni 6,6 za Lithium iherereye mu Mujyi wa Manono, mu Ntara ya Tanganyika. Hari n’andi mabuye y’ubwoko butandukanye umuntu atarondora, acukurwa muri icyo gihugu.
Kumva igihugu gitunze imari ishyushye gutyo ariko kikaba icya kane gikennye cyane ku Isi, bigora benshi kubisobanukirwa. RDC ikurikira Sudan y’Epfo, u Burundi na Centrafrique mu kugarizwa n’ubukene ku rutonde rw’Isi.
Ibirombe byinshi bigenzurwa na sosiyete z’ibihugu bikomeye ku Isi kandi urwego rushinzwe mine ruhabwa amafaranga make cyane
RDC yazize ubuyobozi bubi kuva kera na kare
Ubuyobozi bubi bwa RDC bwimitse icyenewabo, irondabwoko, ruswa no kudahana kuva mu myaka myinshi yashize, bwatumye imitwe yitwaje intwaro yiyongera n’umutekano urushaho kuzamba mu Burasirazuba bw’igihugu.
Kuva mu 1994 ubwo Mobutu wayoboraga Zaire yanze kumva umuburo w’amahanga agaha ikaze Interahamwe n’abari abasirikare ba Juvénal Habyarimana bari bamaze gutsindwa n’ingabo za RPA zari zishamikiye ku muryango wa FPR-Inkotanyi, u Burasirazuba bwa RDC bwatujwemo Ex-FAR ntibwongeye gutekana.
Impuguke mu by’ubukungu, Teddy Kaberuka, yabwiye IGIHE ko amateka yerekana ko umutungo kamere ushingiye ku bintu bibiri, birimo ahantu uri, no ku ikoreshwa ryawo.
Yemeza ko ibyo bintu bibiri ari byo bituma umutungo kamere ugira agaciro, kandi ko intambara itaterwa n’umutungo kamere, ahubwo iterwa n’izindi mpamvu zijyanye cyane cyane n’imiyoborere.
Ati “Ahubwo iyo intambara ibaye, abantu bari mu bucuruzi bw’umutungo kamere bungukira muri ako kavuyo. Iyo igihugu gitekanye nta ntambara, ubucuruzi bunyura mu mucyo, ugurisha akagurisha ku giciro cyiza kandi ku wo ashaka kuko ntacyo aba ahisha. Ibyo bituma wa mutungo kamere udapfira ubusa uwufite. Iyo habaye intambara, haba magendu nyinshi.”
Abanye-Congo barenga 62% bari munsi y’umurongo w’ubukene, aho batunzwe n’atagera kuri $2. Imirire mibi, kutegerezwa uburezi n’ubuvuzi, ndetse n’umuvuduko uri hejuru mu kubyara bikomeza kubasunikira mu bukene.
Hejuru y’ibyo ariko hari imvururu zimaze imyaka irenga 30 mu Burasirazuba bwa RDC, zimaze guhitana ababarirwa mu bihumbi amagana, na ho ababarirwa muri za miliyoni bavuye mu byabo bahungira mu bindi bice by’igihugu, mu bihugu by’abaturanyi no mu Isi hose.
Imitwe yitwaje intwaro ihabarizwa yavuye kuri itanu mbere ya 2000, ubu ibarirwa muri 260.
Imyinshi muri iyo mitwe yashinze ibirindiro mu bice biherereyemo ibirombe by’amabuye y’agaciro, abayobozi bayo bagacukura ibyo birombe cyangwa bakishyurwa n’ababicukura.
Raporo y’Impuguke za Loni kuri RDC yasohowe mu Ukuboza 2023, yagaragaje ko kuva muri Gicurasi 2023, imitwe yibumbiye mu cyiswe Wazalendo yagiye igenzura ibirombe bitandukanye; aho zatanze urugero rwa “General” Mutayombwa uyobora Nyatura, wagenzuraga ibirombe by’ahitwa Gakombe, hakagira ibyo agenerwa mu bihacukurwa.
Zanagaragaje ko zabonye abasivili baha ikaze abarwanyi ba Wazalendo mu birombe bya Rubaya, zinasobanura ko muri ako gace abarwanyi ba Wazalendo bahoraga bakorana inama z’umutekano n’abayobozi mu ngabo za RDC barimo uwitwa Selkali Bihame.
Imitwe yitwaje intwaro yibumbiye mu cyiswe Wazalendo, yakusanyijwe na Leta ya RDC ihuzwa n’urubyiruko rwari rumaze guhabwa imyitozo ya gisirikare ku busabe bwa Perezida Felix Tshisekedi, mu gushaka amaboko amufasha guhangana n’umutwe wa M23.
Uburyo iyo mitwe ibaho umunsi ku munsi, ibikoresho ikenera n’intwaro irwanisha, bifite ababitanga kandi bigaragara ko ari amaboko akomeye.
Raporo ya Human Rights Watch yo mu Ukwakira 2022, yagaragaje ko abofisiye bo muri FARDC ari bo baha imitwe nka FDLR intwaro, amasasu, n’imyambaro ikoresha.
Ibyo byatumye irushaho kugira ingufu, na yo ikarema indi cyangwa bamwe mu bayivuyemo bagashinga iyabo kandi bagakomeza guhabwa ibikoresho n’abayobozi ba RDC, baba abanyapolitiki cyangwa abasirikare bakomeye mu gihugu.
Christophe Mbosso wahoze ayoboye Umutwe w’Abadepite yigeze gusaba bagenzi be guhagarika imikoranire n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro.
Gusa abo bayobozi ba RDC bakorana n’iyo mitwe, na bo baba bafite ibihugu by’amahanga bakorana na byo by’umwihariko ibikize biri mu ntambara y’ubukungu, bikeneye cyane ya mabuye acukurwa mu birombe birindwa n’iyo mitwe yitwaje intwaro.
Kaberuka asanga nubwo Isi igeze mu bihe byo kwimakaza ingufu zitangiza ibidukikije, habaye igihe uranium na pétrole byakoreshwaga ndetse n’ubu bigikoreshwa; bityo ko umuntu atavuga ko Cobalt ari yo itera intambara.
Ati “Haba pétrole, haba uranium, ibihugu byinshi birayifite ariko ntabwo bivuze ko ibifite pétrole na uranium ari byo bifite intambara.”
“Ibibazo by’umutekano n’intambara mu bihugu bijyana cyane n’ubuyobozi. RDC yo ni ikindi kibazo kitagira aho gihuriye n’amabuye y’agaciro. Amabuye y’agaciro n’ubundi nta gihe atabayeyo kuva Isi yaremwa. Ari ko se ntikiri mu bihugu bya mbere bikennye? None se mbere ya 1994 iyo mitungo ntiyari ihari? None se kuki itigeze ikiza igihugu?”
Yasobanuye ko icyo ibihugu bijya byibeshyaho, ari uko aho kugira ngo abayobozi bakore ibyo bagomba gukora, bayobore neza, batange amahoro, bakoreshe ubutunzi, ahubwo bikubira imitungo.
Ati “Abaturage babona bayikubira [imitungo] rero na bo bagatangira kubarwanya.”
Icyakora mu kibazo cya RDC hari n’andi maboko akiri inyuma atagarukwaho kenshi, ahubwo ba nyirayo bakigaragaza nk’abashobora kugira icyo bafasha mu guhosha izo mvururu bateza mu buryo buziguye
Ishami rishinzwe iby’Ubucukuzi bw’Amabuye y’Agaciro muri RDC, rivuga ko 70% by’ibirombe by’amabuye y’agaciro muri RDC bigenzurwa na Sosiyete zo mu Bushinwa, ibisigaye bikagabanwa n’amasosiyete yo muri Amerika n’u Burayi.
Raporo y’Ikigo gishinzwe Ubugenzuzi bw’Imari muri Congo, iherutse kugaragaza ko guhera mu 2010-2020, sosiyete mpuzamahanga zicukura amabuye muri RDC zinjije miliyari $35, ariko Ikigo cya Leta gishinzwe iby’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, Gecamines, cyashyikirijwe miliyoni $564 yonyine.
Mu rugendo Papa Francis aheruka kugirira i Kinshasa muri Mutarama 2023, yateye utwatsi imigirire y’ibigo byo mu Bushinwa, u Burayi, Amerika n’ahandi bijya gucukura amabuye y’agaciro muri RDC, avuga ko ari “ubujura buteye ubwoba ndetse budakwiriye ikiremwamuntu.”
Mu kirego cyatangiwe i Washington D.C mu Ukuboza 2019, n’imiryango y’Abanye-congo yavugaga ko abana bayo bajyanwe mu bucukuzi bwa Cobalt bagapfiramo, sosiyete z’ikoranabuhanga zifite amazina akomeye ku Isi nka Apple, Google, Dell, Microsoft na Tesla zavuzwemo.
Ibi bigo bizwi cyane mu gukora ibikoresho byiganjemo mudasobwa na telefoni zigezweho. Tesla ikora n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ndetse zimwe muri zo zamaze gusesekara muri Afurika n’i Kigali.
Ibirombe bimwe bicungwa n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro muri RDC.
Ivomo: Igihe.com
